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Intra- versus intermolecular electron transfer in radical nucleophilic aromatic substitution of dihalo(hetero)arenes – a tool for estimating π-conjugation in aromatic systems

机译:二卤代(杂)芳烃的自由基亲核芳族取代中的分子内和分子间电子转移–估算芳族体系中π共轭的工具

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摘要

In this paper, the application of the double radical nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SRN1) in various dihalogenated, mostly diiodinated, π-conjugated systems as a tool for qualitatively estimating their π-conjugation is described. This approach uses electron delocalisation as a measure of π-conjugation. Electron injection into the π-system is achieved via reaction of an intermediate aryl radical, itself generated from a dihalogenated π-system via SET-reduction of the C–I bond and subsequent reaction with a thiolate anion. The generated arene radical anion can then further react with the second aryl-halogen moiety within the π-system via an intramolecular electron transfer process. The efficiency of this intramolecular electron transfer is related to the π-conjugation of the radical anion. If the π-conjugation within the aromatic unit is weak, the arene radical anion reacts via an intermolecular ET with the starting dihalide. The intramolecular ET process delivers a product of a double SRN1 substitution whereas the intermolecular ET pathway provides a product of a mono- SRN1 substitution. By simple product analysis of mono- versus double substitution, π-conjugation can be qualitatively evaluated. This mechanistic tool is applied to various dihalogenated π-conjugated systems and the results are discussed within the context of π-conjugation. The conjugation mode within the π-system and the length of the aromatic system are varied, and the effect of relative positioning of the two halides within small π-systems is also addressed.
机译:在本文中,描述了双自由基亲核芳香取代(SRN1)在各种二卤代,多数为二碘代的π共轭体系中的应用,以此作为定性估计其π共轭的工具。这种方法使用电子离域来衡量π共轭。通过中间芳基的反应将电子注入π系统,该芳基本身是由二卤代π系统通过SET还原C–I键生成的,然后与硫醇根阴离子发生反应。然后,生成的芳烃自由基阴离子可以通过分子内电子转移过程与π系统内的第二个芳基卤素部分进一步反应。分子内电子转移的效率与自由基阴离子的π共轭有关。如果芳族单元内的π共轭作用较弱,则芳烃自由基阴离子通过分子间ET与起始二卤化物反应。分子内ET过程提供双SRN1取代的产物,而分子间ET途径提供单SRN1取代的产物。通过单取代和双取代的简单产物分析,可以定性评估π共轭。该机制工具应用于各种二卤代π共轭体系,并在π共轭的背景下讨论了结果。 π系统内的共轭模式和芳族体系的长度是变化的,并且还解决了两种卤化物在小π系统内相对定位的影响。

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