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In vitro methods to study bubble-cell interactions: Fundamentals and therapeutic applications

机译：研究气泡细胞相互作用的体外方法：基本原理和治疗应用

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Besides their use as contrast agents for ultrasound imaging, microbubbles are increasingly studied for a wide range of therapeutic applications. In particular, their ability to enhance the uptake of drugs through the permeabilization of tissues and cell membranes shows great promise. In order to fully understand the numerous paths by which bubbles can interact with cells and the even larger number of possible biological responses from the cells, thorough and extensive work is necessary. In this review, we consider the range of experimental techniques implemented in in vitro studies with the aim of elucidating these microbubble-cell interactions. First of all, the variety of cell types and cell models available are discussed, emphasizing the need for more and more complex models replicating in vivo conditions together with experimental challenges associated with this increased complexity. Second, the different types of stabilized microbubbles and more recently developed droplets and particles are presented, followed by their acoustic or optical excitation methods. Finally, the techniques exploited to study the microbubble-cell interactions are reviewed. These techniques operate over a wide range of timescales, or even off-line, revealing particular aspects or subsequent effects of these interactions. Therefore, knowledge obtained from several techniques must be combined to elucidate the underlying processes.
机译：除了将它们用作超声成像的造影剂外，越来越多的研究将微泡用于广泛的治疗应用。特别地，它们通过组织和细胞膜的透化作用来增强药物吸收的能力显示出巨大的希望。为了完全理解气泡与细胞相互作用的众多途径以及来自细胞的甚至更多可能的生物学反应，有必要进行全面而广泛的研究。在这篇综述中，我们考虑了在体外研究中实施的一系列实验技术，目的是阐明这些微泡细胞之间的相互作用。首先，讨论了可用的各种细胞类型和细胞模型，强调了对越来越多的复制体内条件的复杂模型的需求，以及与此复杂性增加相关的实验挑战。其次，介绍了不同类型的稳定微气泡以及最近开发的液滴和颗粒，然后介绍了它们的声学或光学激发方法。最后，对研究微泡-细胞相互作用的技术进行了综述。这些技术在很宽的时间范围内甚至离线运行，揭示了这些交互的特定方面或后续影响。因此，必须结合从多种技术中获得的知识来阐明基本过程。

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