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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Annals of Botany >From observations to experiments in phenology research: investigating climate change impacts on trees and shrubs using dormant twigs
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From observations to experiments in phenology research: investigating climate change impacts on trees and shrubs using dormant twigs

机译：从观察到物候研究的实验：使用休眠的树枝调查气候变化对树木和灌木的影响

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>Background and Aims Climate change is advancing the leaf-out times of many plant species and mostly extending the growing season in temperate ecosystems. Laboratory experiments using twig cuttings from woody plant species present an affordable, easily replicated approach to investigate the relative importance of factors such as winter chilling, photoperiod, spring warming and frost tolerance on the leafing-out times of plant communities. This Viewpoint article demonstrates how the results of these experiments deepen our understanding beyond what is possible via analyses of remote sensing and field observation data, and can be used to improve climate change forecasts of shifts in phenology, ecosystem processes and ecological interactions.>Scope The twig method involves cutting dormant twigs from trees, shrubs and vines on a single date or at intervals over the course of the winter and early spring, placing them in containers of water in controlled environments, and regularly recording leaf-out, flowering or other phenomena. Prior to or following leaf-out or flowering, twigs may be assigned to treatment groups for experiments involving temperature, photoperiod, frost, humidity and more. Recent studies using these methods have shown that winter chilling requirements and spring warming strongly affect leaf-out and flowering times of temperate trees and shrubs, whereas photoperiod requirements are less important than previously thought for most species. Invasive plant species have weaker winter chilling requirements than native species in temperate ecosystems, and species that leaf-out early in the season have greater frost tolerance than later leafing species.>Conclusions This methodology could be extended to investigate additional drivers of leaf-out phenology, leaf senescence in the autumn, and other phenomena, and could be a useful tool for education and outreach. Additional ecosystems, such as boreal, southern hemisphere and sub-tropical forests, could also be investigated using dormant twigs to determine the drivers of leaf-out times and how these ecosystems will be affected by climate change.
机译：>背景和目标：气候变化正在延长许多植物物种的出苗时间，并且在很大程度上延长了温带生态系统的生长期。使用木本植物物种的枝条插条进行的实验室实验提供了一种经济实惠，易于复制的方法，以研究诸如冬季寒冷，光周期，春季暖化和耐霜冻性等因素对植物群落出叶时间的相对重要性。这篇观点文章展示了这些实验的结果如何加深了我们的理解，超出了通过遥感和实地观测数据的分析所能做到的范围，并且可以用来改善气候变化对物候，生态系统过程和生态相互作用变化的预测。>范围嫩枝方法包括在冬季和初春期间，一次或以一定的时间间隔从树木，灌木和藤蔓上修剪休眠的嫩枝，将它们放在受控环境中的水容器中，并定期记录叶子-外出，开花或其他现象。在叶期或开花期之前或之后，可将树枝分配至处理组以进行涉及温度，光周期，霜冻，湿度等的实验。使用这些方法的最新研究表明，冬季的寒冷需求和春季的变暖强烈影响温带树木和灌木的叶期和开花时间，而光周期的需求对大多数物种而言并不重要。在温带生态系统中，外来入侵植物的耐寒性要比本地植物弱，而且在季节较早时外出的植物的耐寒性要强于后期的植物。>结论叶期物候，秋季叶衰老和其他现象的驱动因素，可能是教育和推广的有用工具。还可以使用休眠的树枝调查其他生态系统，例如北方，南半球和亚热带森林，以确定叶期的驱动因素以及这些生态系统将如何受到气候变化的影响。

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