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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology >Ventilation changes associated with hatching and maturation of an endothermic phenotype in the Pekin duck Anas platyrhynchos domestica
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Ventilation changes associated with hatching and maturation of an endothermic phenotype in the Pekin duck Anas platyrhynchos domestica

机译：与北京鸭（北京野鸭）吸热表型的孵化和成熟相关的通风变化

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Precocial birds begin embryonic life with an ectothermic metabolic phenotype and rapidly develop an endothermic phenotype after hatching. Switching to a high-energy, endothermic phenotype requires high-functioning respiratory and cardiovascular systems to deliver sufficient environmental oxygen to the tissues. We measured tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (ƒ), minute ventilation (V̇e), and whole-animal oxygen consumption (V̇o2) in response to gradual cooling from 37.5°C (externally pipped paranates, EP) or 35°C (hatchlings) to 20°C along with response to hypercapnia during developmental transition from an ectothermic, EP paranate to endothermic hatchling. To examine potential eggshell constraints on EP ventilation, we repeated these experiments in artificially hatched early and late EP paranates. Hatchlings and artificially hatched late EP paranates were able to increase V̇o2 significantly in response to cooling. EP paranates had high ƒ that decreased with cooling, coupled with an unchanging low VT and did not respond to hypercapnia. Hatchlings had significantly lower ƒ and higher VT and V̇e that increased with cooling and hypercapnia. In response to artificial hatching, all ventilation values quickly reached those of hatchlings and responded to hypercapnia. The timing of artificial hatching influenced the temperature response, with only artificially hatched late EP animals, exhibiting the hatchling ventilation response to cooling. We suggest one potential constraint on ventilatory responses of EP paranates is the rigid eggshell, limiting air sac expansion during inhalation and constraining VT. Upon natural or artificial hatching, the VT limitation is removed and the animal is able to increase VT, V̇e, and thus V̇o2, and exhibit an endothermic phenotype.
机译：早熟鸟类开始具有胚热代谢表型的胚胎生命，并在孵化后迅速发展成吸热表型。转换为高能，吸热表型需要高功能的呼吸系统和心血管系统向组织输送足够的环境氧气。我们测量了潮汐量（VT），呼吸频率（ƒ），分钟通气量（V̇e）和全动物耗氧量（V̇o2），以应对从37.5°C（外部放养的寄生虫，EP）或35°C（孵化）至20°C以及在从外吸，EP顺生体到吸热孵化的发育过渡过程中对高碳酸血症的反应。为了检查对EP通风可能的蛋壳约束，我们在人工孵化的早期和晚期EP寄生虫中重复了这些实验。孵化物和人工孵化的后期EP寄生虫能够根据冷却显着增加V̇o2。 EP伴生物的高ƒ随着冷却而降低，并伴随着不变的低VT且对高碳酸血症无反应。雏鱼的ƒ较低，VT和V̇e较高，随着冷却和高碳酸血症而增加。人工孵化后，所有通风值迅速达到了孵化率，并对高碳酸血症做出了反应。人工孵化的时间影响温度响应，只有人工孵化的后期EP动物表现出孵化对冷却的通风响应。我们建议对EP旁系动物的通气反应进行潜在的限制是坚硬的蛋壳，限制吸入过程中气囊的膨胀并限制VT。在自然或人工孵化时，VT限制被消除，动物能够增加VT，V̇e，从而增加V̇o2，并表现出吸热表型。

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