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Permeability enhancement through hydraulic fracturing: laboratory measurements combining a 3D printed jacket and pore fluid over-pressure

机译:通过水力压裂提高渗透率:结合3D打印外套和孔隙流体超压的实验室测量

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摘要

The process of hydraulic fracture is well known in both natural (e.g. veining and mineralisation) and engineered environments (e.g. stimulating tight mudrocks and sandstones to boost their hydraulic properties). Here, we report a method and preliminary data that simulates both tensile fracture and fluid flow at elevated pressures. To achieve this we developed a sample assembly consisting of a cylindrical core drilled with an axial borehole encapsulated in a 3D printed jacket permitting fluid from the borehole to move through the freshly generated tensile fracture to a voluometer. The permeability of Nash Point Shale increases from a pre-fracture value of 10−18 to 10−20 m2 (1 microDarcy, μD to 0.01 μD) to 2 × 10−15 m2 (2 milliDarcy, mD) immediately after fracture (at 2.1 MPa confining pressure). Permeability is strongly dependent on confining pressure, decreasing to 0.25 × 10−15 m2 (0.25 mD) at 19 MPa confining pressure (approximately 800 m depth), and does not recover when confinement is removed. Using concomitant measurements of the radial strain as a proxy for fracture aperture, we conclude that the effective permeability is governed solely by the width of the developed cracks, revealed by post-test X-Ray Computed Tomography to be planar, extending radially from the central conduit.
机译:在自然(例如矿脉和矿化)和工程环境(例如刺激致密的泥岩和砂岩以提高其水力性质)中,水力压裂的过程都是众所周知的。在这里,我们报告了一种方法和初步数据,可模拟拉伸断裂和高压下的流体流动。为了实现这一目标,我们开发了一个样品组件,该组件包括一个圆柱芯,该圆柱芯钻有一个轴向钻孔,该轴向钻孔被封装在3D打印的外套中,从而使来自钻孔的流体能够通过新产生的拉伸裂缝移动到体积计。纳什点页岩的渗透率从断裂前值10 −18 增加到10 −20 m 2 (1 microDarcy,μD断裂后(在2.1finMPa围压下)立即断裂至0.01μD至2×10 −15 m 2 (2毫达西,mD)。渗透率在很大程度上取决于围压,在19 MPa围压(大约800μm深度)下,渗透率降低到0.25×10 −15 m 2 (0.25 mD),取消限制后恢复。使用径向应变的同时测量作为裂缝孔径的替代,我们得出结论,有效渗透率仅由发育后的裂缝的宽度决定,测试后的X射线计算机断层扫描显示该裂缝是平坦的,从中心径向延伸导管。

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