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Concentrations of lead and other elements in the liver of the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) a European flagship species wintering in Eastern Poland

机译：欧洲东部旗舰品种白尾鹰（Haliaeetus albicilla）肝脏中铅和其他元素的浓度在波兰东部越冬

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As a top predator, the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) may serve as a good indicator species, providing information about the bioavailability of contaminants and their transfer within the food chain. In this study, we aimed to determine the common sources of origin of 17 metals and other elements in the liver of white-tailed eagles, and to compare the variations in their hepatic concentrations by age (adults vs immatures) and sex (males vs females) in groups of white-tailed eagles wintering in Eastern Poland. The element concentrations followed the pattern of S > K > Na > Fe > Mg > Ca > Zn > Cu > Mn > Se > Pb > Hg > Cd > Cr > Sr > V > Sc. We found significant age-related differences in the hepatic concentrations of some of the elements. Adults showed higher concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ca, Fe, and Zn and lower concentrations of Cu and Se than immatures. These differences may be explained by age-related differences in wintering strategy (adults are sedentary, and immatures are migratory) and hunting skills (adults are more successful when hunting for agile prey). Our study indicates that ingested Pb ammunition poses a serious threat to the health and lives of white-tailed eagles in Poland (32% of the studied individuals had acute lead poisoning). Our study also indicates a serious need for banning the use of lead hunting ammunition in the parts of Europe (including Poland) where it is still allowed.
机译：作为顶级捕食者，白尾鹰（Haliaeetus albicilla）可以作为很好的指示物种，提供有关污染物的生物利用度及其在食物链中转移的信息。在这项研究中，我们旨在确定白尾鹰肝脏中17种金属和其他元素的常见来源，并比较它们的肝脏浓度随年龄（成人与未成熟）和性别（雄性与雌性）的变化。 ）在波兰东部越冬的白尾鹰。元素浓度遵循S> K> Na> Fe> Mg> Ca> Zn> Cu> Mn> Se> Pb> Hg> Cd> Cr> Sr> V> Sc的模式。我们发现某些元素的肝浓度存在明显的年龄相关差异。与未成年人相比，成年人的Pb，Cd，Ca，Fe和Zn浓度较高，而Cu和Se的浓度较低。这些差异可以通过与年龄相关的越冬策略（成年后久坐，不成熟者迁徙）和狩猎技能（成年后寻找敏捷猎物更为成功）的差异来解释。我们的研究表明，摄入的铅弹药对波兰白尾鹰的健康和生命构成了严重威胁（32％的研究对象患有急性铅中毒）。我们的研究还表明，在欧洲仍然允许的部分地区（包括波兰），迫切需要禁止使用铅狩猎弹药。

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