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Bioremoval of humic acid from water by white rot fungi: exploring the removal mechanisms

机译：白腐真菌对水中腐殖酸的生物去除：探索去除机理

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Twelve white rot fungi (WRF) strains were screened on agar plates for their ability to bleach humic acid (HA). Four fungal strains were selected and tested in liquid media for removal of HA. Bioremediation was investigated by HA color removal and changes in the concentration and molecular size distribution of HA by size exclusion chromatography. Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium showed the highest HA removal efficiency, reaching about 80%. Laccase and manganese peroxidase were measured as extracellular enzymes and their relation to the HA removal by WRF was investigated. Results indicated that nitrogen limitation could enhance the WRF extracellular enzyme activity, but did not necessarily increase the HA removal by WRF. The mechanism of bioremediation by WRF was shown to involve biosorption of HA by fungal biomass and degradation of HA to smaller molecules. Also, contradicting previous reports, it was shown that the decolorization of HA by WRF could not necessarily be interpreted as degradation of HA. Biosorption experiments revealed that HA removal by fungal biomass is dependent not only on the amount of biomass as the sorbent, but also on the fungal species. The involvement of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes was confirmed by comparing the HA removal capability of fungi with and without the presence of a CYP inhibitor. The ability of purified laccase from WRF to solely degrade HA was proven and the importance of mediators was also demonstrated.
机译：在琼脂平板上筛选了十二种白腐真菌（WRF）菌株以漂白腐殖酸（HA）。选择四种真菌菌株并在液体培养基中测试HA的去除。通过HA颜色去除以及通过尺寸排阻色谱法对HA的浓度和分子大小分布的变化进行研究，以进行生物修复。杂色Trametes和Phanerochaete chrysosporium的HA去除率最高，达到约80％。漆酶和锰过氧化物酶被测量为细胞外酶，并研究了它们与WRF去除HA的关系。结果表明，氮限制可以增强WRF细胞外酶的活性，但并不一定增加WRF对HA的去除。已证明通过WRF进行生物修复的机制涉及真菌生物量对HA的生物吸附以及HA降解为较小分子的过程。而且，与先前的报道相矛盾，表明WRF对HA的脱色不一定解释为HA的降解。生物吸附实验表明，真菌生物量去除HA不仅取决于作为吸附剂的生物量，而且还取决于真菌种类。通过比较有和没有CYP抑制剂的真菌对HA的去除能力，证实了细胞色素P450（CYP）酶的参与。证实了从WRF纯化的漆酶仅降解HA的能力，并且还证明了介体的重要性。

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