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Application of the ATP assay to rapidly assess cleanliness of spacecraft surfaces: a path to set a standard for future missions

机译：ATP测定法在快速评估航天器表面清洁度中的应用：为未来任务设定标准的途径

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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) measures and validates the biological cleanliness of spacecraft surfaces by counting endospores using the NASA standard assay (NSA). NASA has also approved an adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP)-based detection methodology as a means to prescreen surfaces for the presence of microbial contamination, prior to the spore assay. During Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft assembly, test, and launch operations, 4853 surface samples were collected to verify compliance with the bioburden requirement at launch. A subset of these samples was measured for microbial cleanliness using both the NSA (n = 272) and ATP assay (n = 249). NSA results revealed that ~8% (22/272) of the samples showed the presence of at least one spore, whereas ATP assay measurements indicated that ~15% (35/249) of samples exceeded the “threshold cleanliness limit” of 2.3 × 10−11 mmol ATP per 25 cm2 used by MSL. Of the 22 NSA samples with a spore, 18% (4/22) were considered above the level of acceptance by both techniques. Based on post launch data analysis presented here, it was determined that this threshold cleanliness limit of 2.3 × 10−11 mmol ATP per 25 cm2 could be adopted as a benchmark for assessing spacecraft surface cleanliness. This study clearly demonstrates the value of using alternative methods to rapidly assess spacecraft cleanliness, and provides useful information regarding the process.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13568-016-0286-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
机译：美国国家航空航天局（NASA）通过使用NASA标准测定法（NSA）对内生孢子计数来测量和验证航天器表面的生物清洁度。美国国家航空航天局还批准了基于5'-三磷酸腺苷（ATP）的检测方法，作为在进行孢子测定之前预先筛选表面是否存在微生物污染的方法。在火星科学实验室（MSL）的航天器组装，测试和发射操作中，收集了4853个表面样品，以验证发射时是否符合生物负荷要求。使用NSA（n = 272）和ATP分析（n = 249）来测量这些样品的一部分的微生物清洁度。 NSA结果显示，约有8％（22/272）的样品显示至少有一个孢子，而ATP分析表明约有15％（35/249）的样品超过了2.3倍的``阈值清洁度限值'' MSL使用的每25 cm 2 10 −11 mmol ATP。在22种带有孢子的NSA样品中，两种技术均认为18％（4/22）高于接受水平。根据此处显示的发射后数据分析，可以确定此阈值清洁度限值每25 cm 2 2.3×10 −11 mmol ATP可以用作基准评估航天器表面清洁度。这项研究清楚地证明了使用替代方法快速评估航天器清洁度的价值，并提供了有关该过程的有用信息。电子补充材料本文的在线版本（doi：10.1186 / s13568-016-0286-9）包含补充材料，其中适用于授权用户。

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