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Automated proximity sensing in small vertebrates: design of miniaturized sensor nodes and first field tests in bats

机译：小型脊椎动物中的自动接近感测：小型化传感器节点的设计和蝙蝠的首次野外测试

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Social evolution has led to a stunning diversity of complex social behavior, in particular in vertebrate taxa. Thorough documentation of social interactions is crucial to study the causes and consequences of sociality in gregarious animals. Wireless digital transceivers represent a promising tool to revolutionize data collection for the study of social interactions in terms of the degree of automation, data quantity, and quality. Unfortunately, devices for automated proximity sensing via direct communication among animal‐borne sensors are usually heavy and do not allow for the investigation of small animal species, which represent the majority of avian and mammalian taxa. We present a lightweight animal‐borne sensor node that is built from commercially available components and uses a sophisticated scheme for energy‐efficient communication, with high sampling rates at relatively low power consumption. We demonstrate the basic functionality of the sensor node under laboratory conditions and its applicability for the study of social interactions among free‐ranging animals. The first field tests were performed on two species of bats in temperate and tropical ecosystems. At <2 g, this sensor node is light enough to observe a broad spectrum of taxa including small vertebrates. Given our specifications, the system was especially sensitive to changes in distance within the short range (up to a distance of 4 m between tags). High spatial resolution at short distances enables the evaluation of interactions among individuals at a fine scale and the investigation of close contacts. This technology opens new avenues of research, allowing detailed investigation of events associated with social contact, such as mating behavior, pathogen transmission, social learning, and resource sharing. Social behavior that is not easily observed becomes observable, for example, in animals living in burrows or in nocturnal animals. A switch from traditional methods to the application of digital transceiver chips in proximity sensing offers numerous advantages in addition to an enormous increase in data quality and quantity. For future applications, the platform allows for the integration of additional sensors that may collect physiological or environmental data. Such information complements social network studies and may allow for a deeper understanding of animal ecology and social behavior.
机译：社会进化导致了复杂的社会行为的惊人多样性，尤其是在脊椎动物类群中。完整的社交互动记录对于研究群居动物的社交起因和后果至关重要。无线数字收发器代表了一种有前途的工具，可以从自动化程度，数据量和质量方面彻底改变用于社交互动研究的数据收集方式。不幸的是，用于通过动物传播的传感器之间直接通信进行自动接近感测的设备通常很笨重，并且不允许对代表大多数禽类和哺乳动物类群的小型动物进行调查。我们提出了一种轻量级的动物传播传感器节点，该节点由市售组件构建而成，并采用了复杂的方案进行节能通信，并以相对较低的功耗实现了高采样率。我们展示了传感器节点在实验室条件下的基本功能及其在研究自由放养动物之间的社会互动方面的适用性。在温带和热带生态系统中，对两种蝙蝠进行了首次现场测试。在<2 g时，此传感器节点足够轻，可以观察到包括小脊椎动物在内的各种分类单元。根据我们的规范，该系统对短距离内的距离变化特别敏感（标签之间的最大距离为4 m）。短距离的高空间分辨率可以评估各个个体之间的相互作用，并进行密切的联系调查。这项技术开辟了新的研究途径，允许对与社交接触有关的事件进行详细调查，例如交配行为，病原体传播，社交学习和资源共享。难以观察到的社会行为，例如在洞穴动物或夜间活动动物中可观察到。从传统方法到在接近感测中数字收发器芯片的应用的转变，除了数据质量和数量的极大提高之外，还提供了许多优势。对于将来的应用程序，该平台允许集成可能收集生理或环境数据的其他传感器。这些信息补充了社会网络研究，并可能使人们对动物生态和社会行为有更深入的了解。

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