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Scaling the consequences of interactions between invaders from the individual to the population level

机译：扩大入侵者之间的互动从个人到人群的后果

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The impact of human‐induced stressors, such as invasive species, is often measured at the organismal level, but is much less commonly scaled up to the population level. Interactions with invasive species represent an increasingly common source of stressor in many habitats. However, due to the increasing abundance of invasive species around the globe, invasive species now commonly cause stresses not only for native species in invaded areas, but also for other invasive species. I examine the European green crab Carcinus maenas, an invasive species along the northeast coast of North America, which is known to be negatively impacted in this invaded region by interactions with the invasive Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus. Asian shore crabs are known to negatively impact green crabs via two mechanisms: by directly preying on green crab juveniles and by indirectly reducing green crab fecundity via interference (and potentially exploitative) competition that alters green crab diets. I used life‐table analyses to scale these two mechanistic stressors up to the population level in order to examine their relative impacts on green crab populations. I demonstrate that lost fecundity has larger impacts on per capita population growth rates, but that both predation and lost fecundity are capable of reducing population growth sufficiently to produce the declines in green crab populations that have been observed in areas where these two species overlap. By scaling up the impacts of one invader on a second invader, I have demonstrated that multiple documented interactions between these species are capable of having population‐level impacts and that both may be contributing to the decline of European green crabs in their invaded range on the east coast of North America.
机译：人为的压力源（例如入侵物种）的影响通常是在机体水平上衡量的，但很少能扩展到人口水平。与入侵物种的相互作用是许多生境中越来越普遍的应激源。但是，由于全球入侵物种的数量不断增加，现在入侵物种不仅对入侵地区的本地物种造成压力，而且还对其他入侵物种造成压力。我研究了欧洲绿色螃蟹Carcinus maenas，这是一种在北美东北海岸的入侵物种，众所周知，该入侵物种通过与亚洲入侵螃蟹Hemigrapsus sanguineus的相互作用而对该地区造成了负面影响。众所周知，亚洲海岸蟹通过两种机制对绿蟹产生负面影响：直接捕食绿蟹幼体，以及通过干扰（和潜在的剥削性）竞争改变绿蟹饮食而间接降低绿蟹繁殖力。我使用生命表分析将这两个机械压力源扩展到种群水平，以检查它们对青蟹种群的相对影响。我证明了繁殖力下降对人均人口增长率的影响更大，但是捕食和繁殖力下降都能够充分降低种群增长，从而导致青蟹种群下降，这在这两个物种重叠的地区已经观察到。通过扩大一个入侵者对第二个入侵者的影响，我证明了这些物种之间的多种有据可查的相互作用能够对种群造成影响，而且这两个因素都可能导致欧洲青蟹在其入侵范围内的下降。北美东海岸。

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