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Individual, population, community, and ecosystem consequences of a fish invader in New Zealand streams

机译：新西兰溪流中鱼类入侵者的个人，人口，社区和生态系统后果

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Knowledge of the population biology of invading species will often be necessary to develop effective management procedures and policies. But because invaders can have unexpected indirect effects in food webs, invasion ecologists need to integrate processes at the population level and other ecological levels. I describe a series of coordinated studies in New Zealand streams that address the effect of an exotic fish on individual behavior, population, community, and ecosystem patterns. Such case studies are important as an aid to the formulation of policy about invasions that are especially likely to become problematic. At the individual level, grazing invertebrates showed changes in behavior as a result of the introduction of brown trout ( Salmo trutta ), a predator that exerts a very different selection pressure than do native fish. At the population level, trout have replaced nonmigratory galaxiid fish in some streams but not others, and have affected the distributions of crayfish and other large invertebrates. At the community level, trout have suppressed grazing pressure from invertebrates and are thus responsible for enhancing algal biomass and changing algal species composition. Finally, at the ecosystem level, essentially all annual production of invertebrates is consumed by trout ( but not by galaxiids), and algal primary productivity is six times higher in a trout stream. This leads, in turn, to an increased flux of nutrients from the water to the benthic community. The trout invasion has led to strong top-down control of community structure and ecosystem functioning via its effects on individual behavior and population distribution and abundance. Particular physiological, behavioral, and demographic traits of invaders can lead to profound ecosystem consequences that managers need to take into account. [References: 60]
机译：为了制定有效的管理程序和政策，通常需要了解入侵物种的种群生物学。但是，由于入侵者可能对食物网产生意想不到的间接影响，因此入侵生态学家需要整合人口水平和其他生态水平的过程。我描述了一系列在新西兰河流中进行的协调研究，这些研究探讨了外来鱼类对个体行为，人口，社区和生态系统模式的影响。此类案例研究对于制定特别容易成为问题的入侵政策非常重要。在个体层面上，放牧无脊椎动物显示出行为的变化，这是由于引入了褐鳟（Salmo trutta）造成的，这种捕食者与天然鱼类相比具有很大的选择压力。在人口水平上，鳟鱼在某些溪流中代替了非迁移性加拉西德鱼，但在其他溪流中却没有，并影响了小龙虾和其他大型无脊椎动物的分布。在社区一级，鳟鱼抑制了无脊椎动物的放牧压力，因此可以增加藻类生物量并改变藻类组成。最后，在生态系统层面上，鳟鱼消耗了几乎所有无脊椎动物的年产量（而不是加拉西虫），而鳟鱼溪流中藻类的初级生产力要高六倍。反过来，这导致营养物从水到底栖生物群落的通量增加。鳟鱼的入侵通过影响个体行为，人口分布和数量，导致对群落结构和生态系统功能的自上而下的控制。入侵者的特定生理，行为和人口统计特征可能会导致管理人员需要考虑的深刻的生态系统后果。 [参考：60]

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