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Effective sociodemographic population assessment of elusive species in ecology and conservation management

机译：在生态学和保护管理中对难闻物种进行有效的社会人口统计学评估

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Wildlife managers are urgently searching for improved sociodemographic population assessment methods to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented conservation activities. These need to be inexpensive, appropriate for a wide spectrum of species and straightforward to apply by local staff members with minimal training. Furthermore, conservation management would benefit from single approaches which cover many aspects of population assessment beyond only density estimates, to include for instance social and demographic structure, movement patterns, or species interactions. Remote camera traps have traditionally been used to measure species richness. Currently, there is a rapid move toward using remote camera trapping in density estimation, community ecology, and conservation management. Here, we demonstrate such comprehensive population assessment by linking remote video trapping, spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) techniques, and other methods. We apply it to three species: chimpanzees Pan troglodytes troglodytes, gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla, and forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis in Loango National Park, Gabon. All three species exhibited considerable heterogeneity in capture probability at the sex or group level and density was estimated at 1.72, 1.2, and 1.37 individuals per km2 and male to female sex ratios were 1:2.1, 1:3.2, and 1:2 for chimpanzees, gorillas, and elephants, respectively. Association patterns revealed four, eight, and 18 independent social groups of chimpanzees, gorillas, and elephants, respectively: key information for both conservation management and studies on the species' ecology. Additionally, there was evidence of resident and nonresident elephants within the study area and intersexual variation in home range size among elephants but not chimpanzees. Our study highlights the potential of combining camera trapping and SECR methods in conducting detailed population assessments that go far beyond documenting species diversity patterns or estimating single species population size. Our study design is widely applicable to other species and spatial scales, and moderately trained staff members can collect and process the required data. Furthermore, assessments using the same method can be extended to include several other ecological, behavioral, and demographic aspects: fission and fusion dynamics and intergroup transfers, birth and mortality rates, species interactions, and ranging patterns.
机译：野生动物管理者正在紧急寻求改进的社会人口统计学评估方法，以评估已实施的保护活动的有效性。这些产品必须便宜，适用于各种物种，并且只需很少的培训即可由当地工作人员直接应用。此外，保护管理将受益于单一方法，该方法不仅涵盖密度估计，还涵盖人口评估的许多方面，例如包括社会和人口结构，移动方式或物种相互作用。传统上，远程相机陷阱用于测量物种丰富度。当前，在密度估计，社区生态和保护管理中，正在朝着使用远程相机陷印的方向迅速发展。在这里，我们通过链接远程视频捕获，空间显式捕获-捕获（SECR）技术以及其他方法来展示这种全面的人口评估。我们将其应用于三种物种：黑猩猩泛穴居动物穴居动物，大猩猩大猩猩大猩猩大猩猩和加蓬Loango国家公园的森林象Loxodonta cyclotis。这三个物种在性别或群体水平上均表现出明显的异质性，密度估计为每公里 2 1.72、1.2和1.37个个体，男女性别比为1：2.1、1：1。黑猩猩，大猩猩和大象分别为3.2和1：2。协会模式分别揭示了黑猩猩，大猩猩和大象的四个，八个和18个独立的社会群体：这是保护管理和物种生态学研究的关键信息。此外，有证据表明研究区域内有居民和非居民的大象，而大象之间的性生活范围有两性差异，而黑猩猩则没有。我们的研究凸显了将相机诱集和SECR方法相结合进行详细种群评估的潜力，这远远超出了记录物种多样性模式或估计单一物种种群规模的范围。我们的研究设计广泛适用于其他物种和空间尺度，经过适当培训的工作人员可以收集和处理所需的数据。此外，使用相同方法的评估可以扩展到其他几个生态，行为和人口统计方面：裂变和融合动态和族群间转移，出生和死亡率，物种相互作用和测距模式。

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