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Metabarcoding reveals a high diversity of woody host-associated Phytophthora spp. in soils at public gardens and amenity woodlands in Britain

机译：元条形码揭示了与木质寄主相关的疫霉属植物的多样性。在英国公共花园和舒适林地的土壤中

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摘要

Forests and woodlands worldwide are being severely impacted by invasive Phytophthora species, with initial outbreaks in some cases occurring on host trees located in public parks and gardens. These highly disturbed sites with diverse planting practices may indeed act as harbours for invasive Phytophthora pathogens which are particularly well adapted to surviving in soil. High throughput Illumina sequencing was used to analyse Phytophthora species diversity in soil samples collected from 14 public garden/amenity woodland sites in northern Britain. Bioinformatic analyses revealed some limitations to using internal transcribed spacer as the barcode region; namely reporting of false positives and ambiguous species matches. Taking this into account, 35 distinct sequences were amplified across the sites, corresponding to 23 known Phytophthora species as well as twelve oomycete sequences with no match to any known Phytophthora species. Phytophthora pseudosyringae and P. austrocedri, both of which cause serious damage to trees and are regarded as fairly recent introductions to Britain, were the two most abundant Phytophthora species detected. There was no evidence that any of the detected Phytophthora species were more associated with any one type of host, healthy or otherwise. This study has demonstrated the ubiquity and diversity of Phytophthora species endemic in highly managed, extensively planted soil environments in Britain. Suggested improvements to the methodology and the practical implications of the findings in terms of mitigating Phytophthora spread and impact are discussed.
机译：世界各地的森林和林地都受到疫霉疫种的严重影响，在某些情况下，最初的暴发是在公园和花园的寄主树上发生的。这些受高度干扰，种植方式多种多样的地点的确可以充当疫霉疫病原体的避风港，这些病原菌特别适合在土壤中生存。高通量Illumina测序用于分析从英国北部14个公共花园/便利林地收集的土壤样品中的疫霉菌物种多样性。生物信息学分析揭示了使用内部转录间隔区作为条形码区域的一些限制。即报告误报和歧义物种匹配。考虑到这一点，在该位点上扩增了35个不同的序列，对应于23种已知的疫霉菌种以及12种与任何已知的疫霉菌种都不匹配的卵菌序列。检疫疫霉（Phytophthora pseudosyringae）和桔梗假单胞菌（P. austrocedri）均对树木造成严重破坏，被认为是英国最近才引进的，是检出最多的两个疫霉菌。没有证据表明，检出的疫霉属物种与健康或其他类型的寄主中的任何一种更为相关。这项研究表明，在英国高度管理，广泛种植的土壤环境中，疫霉属植物普遍存在并且具有多样性。讨论了方法的改进以及研究结果在缓解疫霉菌传播和影响方面的实际意义。

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