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Restoration of a Canopy-Forming Alga Based on Recruitment Enhancement: Methods and Long-Term Success Assessment

机译：基于招聘增强的冠层藻类恢复：方法和长期成功评估

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摘要

Marine forests dominated by macroalgae have experienced noticeable regression along some temperate and subpolar rocky shores. Along continuously disturbed shores, where natural recovery is extremely difficult, these forests are often permanently replaced by less structured assemblages. Thus, implementation of an active restoration plan emerges as an option to ensure their conservation. To date, active transplantation of individuals from natural and healthy populations has been proposed as a prime vehicle for restoring habitat-forming species. However, given the threatened and critical conservation status of many populations, less invasive techniques are required. Some authors have experimentally explored the applicability of several non-destructive techniques based on recruitment enhancement for macroalgae restoration; however, these techniques have not been effectively applied to restore forest-forming fucoids. Here, for the first time, we successfully restored four populations of Cystoseira barbata (i.e., they established self-maintaining populations of roughly 25 m2) in areas from which they had completely disappeared at least 50 years ago using recruitment-enhancement techniques. We compared the feasibility and costs of active macroalgal restoration by means of in situ (wild-collected zygotes and recruits) and ex situ (provisioning of lab-cultured recruits) techniques. Mid/long-term monitoring of the restored and reference populations allowed us to define the best indicators of success for the different restoration phases. After 6 years, the densities and size structure distributions of the restored populations were similar and comparable to those of the natural reference populations. However, the costs of the in situ recruitment technique were considerably lower than those of the ex situ technique. The restoration method, monitoring and success indicators proposed here may have applicability for other macroalgal species, especially those that produce rapidly sinking zygotes. Recruitment enhancement should become an essential tool for preserving Cystoseira forests and their associated biodiversity.
机译：在某些温带和亚极的岩石海岸上，以大型藻类为主的海洋森林经历了明显的退化。在自然恢复极为困难的不断受到干扰的海岸上，这些森林经常被结构性较弱的组合永久取代。因此，实施主动的恢复计划是确保其保护的一种选择。迄今为止，已经提出从自然和健康种群中进行个体的主动移植是恢复形成栖息地物种的主要手段。但是，鉴于许多人口的保护状况受到威胁和危急，因此需要较少的侵入性技术。一些作者通过实验探索了几种基于募集增强的无损技术在大型藻类恢复中的适用性。但是，这些技术尚未有效地应用于恢复森林形成的岩藻。在这里，我们首次成功地恢复了至少50年前完全消失的地区的四个Cystoseira barbata种群（即，他们建立了大约25 m 2 的自我维持种群）。使用招聘增强技术。我们比较了通过原位（野生合子和新兵）和非原位（提供实验室培养的新兵）技术进行主动大型藻类恢复的可行性和成本。对恢复种群和参考种群的中期/长期监测使我们能够确定不同恢复阶段成功的最佳指标。 6年后，恢复种群的密度和大小结构分布与自然参考种群相似且相当。但是，现场招聘技术的成本大大低于现场技术的成本。本文提出的恢复方法，监测和成功指标可能适用于其他大型藻类，特别是那些产生快速下沉的受精卵的物种。增强招聘应成为保护Cystoseira森林及其相关生物多样性的重要工具。

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