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Influence of reward learning on visual attention and eye movements in a naturalistic environment: A virtual reality study

机译：奖励学习对自然主义环境中视觉注意力和眼球运动的影响：虚拟现实研究

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Rewards constitute crucial signals that motivate approach behavior and facilitate the perceptual processing of objects associated with favorable outcomes in past encounters. Reward-related influences on perception and attention have been reliably observed in studies where a reward is paired with a unidimensional low-level visual feature, such as the color or orientation of a line in visual search tasks. However, our environment is drastically different and composed of multidimensional and changing visual features, encountered in complex and dynamic scenes. Here, we designed an immersive virtual reality (VR) experiment using a 4-frame CAVE system to investigate the impact of rewards on attentional orienting and gaze patterns in a naturalistic and ecological environment. Forty-one healthy participants explored a virtual forest and responded to targets appearing on either the left or right side of their path. To test for reward-induced biases in spatial orienting, targets on one side were associated with high reward, whereas those on the opposite side were paired with a low reward. Eye-movements recording showed that left-side high rewards led to subsequent increase of eye gaze fixations towards this side of the path, but no such asymmetry was found after exposure to right-sided high rewards. A milder spatial bias was also observed after left-side high rewards during subsequent exploration of a virtual castle yard, but not during route turn choices along the forest path. Our results indicate that reward-related influences on attention and behavior may be better learned in left than right space, in line with a right hemisphere dominance, and could generalize to another environment to some extent, but not to spatial choices in another decision task, suggesting some domain- or context-specificity. This proof-of-concept study also outlines the advantages and the possible drawbacks of the use of the 3D CAVE immersive platform for VR in neuroscience.
机译：奖励是至关重要的信号，这些信号可以激励进近行为并有助于对与过去相遇中的良好结果相关的对象进行感知处理。在奖励与一维低级视觉特征（例如视觉搜索任务中线条的颜色或方向）配对的研究中，已经可靠地观察到奖励对感知和注意力的影响。但是，我们的环境截然不同，它包含在复杂和动态场景中遇到的多维和变化的视觉特征。在这里，我们设计了一个沉浸式虚拟现实（VR）实验，该实验使用4帧CAVE系统来研究奖励在自然和生态环境中对注意力定向和凝视模式的影响。 41位健康的参与者探索了一个虚拟森林，并对出现在其路径左侧或右侧的目标做出了回应。为了测试奖励引起的空间定向偏差，一侧的目标与高奖励相关联，而另一侧的目标与低奖励配对。眼动记录表明，左侧的高奖励会导致视线注视随后增加到路径的这一侧，但是在暴露于右侧的高奖励后没有发现这种不对称性。在随后的虚拟城堡庭院探索中获得左侧高奖励之后，也观察到了较小的空间偏差，但在沿林间小径的路线转向选择期间则没有。我们的结果表明，与右半球优势相一致，在奖励空间中，与注意力有关的注意力和行为影响可能比在右空间中学习得好，并且可以在某种程度上推广到另一种环境，但不能在另一项决策任务中推广到空间选择，建议某些领域或上下文特定性。这项概念验证研究还概述了在神经科学中使用3D CAVE沉浸式平台进行VR的优势和可能的弊端。

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