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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>other >Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization Elevates the Activity and Abundance of Nitrifying and Denitrifying Microbial Communities in an Upland Soil: Implications for Nitrogen Loss From Intensive Agricultural Systems
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Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization Elevates the Activity and Abundance of Nitrifying and Denitrifying Microbial Communities in an Upland Soil: Implications for Nitrogen Loss From Intensive Agricultural Systems

机译：长期施用氮肥可提高旱地土壤中硝化和反硝化微生物群落的活动和丰富度：集约化农业系统氮素流失的含义

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The continuous use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers to increase soil fertility and crop productivity often results in unexpected environmental effects and N losses through biological processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. In this study, multidisciplinary approaches were employed to assess the effects of N fertilization in a long-term (~20 years) field experiment in which a fertilizer gradient (0, 200, 400, and 600 kg N ha−1 yr−1) was applied in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation cropping system in the North China Plain, one of the most intensive agricultural regions in China. The potential nitrification/denitrification rates, bacterial community structure, and abundances of functional microbial communities involved in key processes of the N cycle were assessed during both the summer maize (SM) and winter wheat (WW) seasons. Long-term N fertilization resulted in a decrease in soil pH and an increase in soil organic matter (OM), total N and total carbon concentrations. Potential nitrification/denitrification and the abundances of corresponding functional N cycling genes were positively correlated with the fertilization intensity. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the increased fertilization intensity caused a significant decrease of bacterial diversity in SM season, while changed the microbial community composition such as increasing the Bacteroidetes abundance and decreasing Acidobacteria abundance in both SM and WW seasons. The alteration of soil properties markedly correlated with the variation in microbial structure, as soil pH and OM were the most predominant factors affecting the microbial structure in the SM and WW seasons, respectively. Furthermore, consistently with the results of functional gene quantification, functional prediction of microbial communities based on 16S rRNA sequence data also revealed that the abundances of the key nitrificaiton/denitrification groups were elevated by long-term N inputs. Taken together, our results suggested that soil microbial community shifted consistently in both SM and WW seasons toward a higher proportion of N-cycle microbes and exhibited higher N turnover activities in response to long-term elevated N fertilizer. These findings provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for N loss in intensively N fertilized agricultural ecosystems.
机译：持续使用氮肥以提高土壤肥力和农作物生产力通常会导致意想不到的环境影响，并通过诸如硝化作用和反硝化作用等生物过程而导致氮素损失。在这项研究中，采用多学科方法来评估长期（〜20年）田间试验中氮肥的影响，其中肥料梯度（0、200、400和600 kg N ha < / sup> yr −1 ）被应用于中国最密集的农业地区之一的华北平原的冬小麦-夏季玉米轮作系统。在夏季玉米（SM）和冬小麦（WW）季节均评估了潜在的硝化/反硝化率，细菌群落结构以及参与N循环关键过程的功能性微生物群落的丰度。长期施用氮肥会降低土壤pH值，并增加土壤有机质（OM），总氮和总碳浓度。潜在的硝化/反硝化作用和相应的功能性N循环基因的丰度与施肥强度呈正相关。 16S rRNA基因的高通量测序表明，受精强度的提高导致SM季节细菌多样性显着降低，同时改变了微生物群落组成，例如SM和WW季节细菌种群的增加和酸性细菌含量的减少。土壤特性的变化与微生物结构的变化显着相关，因为土壤的pH和OM分别是SM和WW季节中影响微生物结构的最主要因素。此外，与功能基因定量的结果一致，基于16S rRNA序列数据的微生物群落功能预测也表明，长期的N输入增加了关键硝化/反硝化组的丰度。综上所述，我们的结果表明，在SM和WW季节，土壤微生物群落始终朝着较高比例的N循环微生物转移，并表现出较高的N周转活性，这是对氮肥水平的长期响应。这些发现为深入施氮的农业生态系统中造成氮损失的分子机制提供了新见解。

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