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To B or Not to B: Comparative Genomics Suggests Arsenophonus as a Source of B Vitamins in Whiteflies

机译：对B或不B：比较基因组学表明Ar粉虱是粉虱中B族维生素的来源

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Insect lineages feeding on nutritionally restricted diets such as phloem sap, xylem sap, or blood, were able to diversify by acquiring bacterial species that complement lacking nutrients. These bacteria, considered obligate/primary endosymbionts, share a long evolutionary history with their hosts. In some cases, however, these endosymbionts are not able to fulfill all of their host's nutritional requirements, driving the acquisition of additional symbiotic species. Phloem-feeding members of the insect family Aleyrodidae (whiteflies) established an obligate relationship with Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum, which provides its hots with essential amino acids and carotenoids. In addition, many whitefly species harbor additional endosymbionts which may potentially further supplement their host's diet. To test this hypothesis, genomes of several endosymbionts of the whiteflies Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurodicus floccissimus and Trialeurodes vaporariorum were analyzed. In addition to Portiera, all three species were found to harbor one Arsenophonus and one Wolbachia endosymbiont. A comparative analysis of Arsenophonus genomes revealed that although all three are capable of synthesizing B vitamins and cofactors, such as pyridoxal, riboflavin, or folate, their genomes and phylogenetic relationship vary greatly. Arsenophonus of A. floccissimus and T. vaporariorum belong to the same clade, and display characteristics of facultative endosymbionts, such as large genomes (3 Mb) with thousands of genes and pseudogenes, intermediate GC content, and mobile genetic elements. In contrast, Arsenophonus of A. dispersus belongs to a different lineage and displays the characteristics of a primary endosymbiont—a reduced genome (670 kb) with ~400 genes, 32% GC content, and no mobile genetic elements. However, the presence of 274 pseudogenes suggests that this symbiotic association is more recent than other reported primary endosymbionts of hemipterans. The gene repertoire of Arsenophonus of A. dispersus is completely integrated in the symbiotic consortia, and the biosynthesis of most vitamins occurs in shared pathways with its host. In addition, Wolbachia endosymbionts have also retained the ability to produce riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and folate, and may make a nutritional contribution. Taken together, our results show that Arsenophonus hold a pivotal place in whitefly nutrition by their ability to produce B vitamins.
机译：以韧皮部汁液，木质部汁液或血液等营养受限的饮食为食的昆虫谱系能够通过获取补充缺乏营养的细菌来实现多样化。这些细菌被认为是专性的/原发的共生菌，与它们的宿主有着悠久的进化历史。然而，在某些情况下，这些内共生菌不能满足其宿主的所有营养需求，从而推动了其他共生物种的获得。食虫蝇科（粉虱）的韧皮部食虫成员与假丝酵母念珠菌（Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum）建立了专一的关系，为食肉提供必需的氨基酸和类胡萝卜素。此外，许多粉虱物种还带有内共生体，这可能会进一步补充其寄主的饮食。为了验证该假设，分析了粉虱Aleurodicus susus，Floccissimus和Trialeurodes vaporariorum的几个粉虱内共生体的基因组。除Portiera外，还发现所有三个物种都带有一个Arsenophonus和一个Wolbachia内共生菌。对Arsenophonus基因组进行的比较分析显示，尽管这三个基因均能够合成B族维生素和辅因子，例如吡ido醛，核黄素或叶酸，但它们的基因组和系统发生关系却大不相同。 A. floccissimus和T.vaporariorum的Arsenophonus属于同一进化枝，并显示兼性共生菌的特征，例如具有成千上万个基因和假基因的大型基因组（3 Mb），中等的GC含量和可移动的遗传元件。相反，弥散曲霉的Arsenophonus属于不同的谱系，并显示出主要的共生共生体的特征-减少的基因组（670 kb），具有约400个基因，GC含量为32％，并且没有可移动的遗传元件。但是，存在274个假基因表明，这种共生关系比其他报道的半翅目内生共生体更新。分散拟南芥的Arsenophonus的基因库已完全整合到共生共生体中，大多数维生素的生物合成发生在与其宿主共有的途径中。此外，Wolbachia内共生体还保留了产生核黄素，黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸和叶酸的能力，并可能在营养方面做出贡献。两者合计，我们的结果表明，由于其产生B族维生素的能力，Arsenophonus在粉虱营养中占有重要地位。

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