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Effects on Cognitive Functioning of Acute Subacute and Repeated Exposures to High Altitude

机译：对急性亚急性和反复暴露于高海拔地区认知功能的影响

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>Objective: Neurocognitive functions are affected by high altitude, however the altitude effects of acclimatization and repeated exposures are unclear. We investigated the effects of acute, subacute and repeated exposure to 5,050 m on cognition among altitude-naïve participants compared to control subjects tested at low altitude.>Methods: Twenty-one altitude-naïve individuals (25.3 ± 3.8 years, 13 females) were exposed to 5,050 m for 1 week (Cycle 1) and re-exposed after a week of rest at sea-level (Cycle 2). Baseline (BL, 520 m), acute (Day 1, HA1) and acclimatization (Day 6, HA6, 5,050 m) measurements were taken in both cycles. Seventeen control subjects (24.9 ± 2.6 years, 12 females) were tested over a similar period in Calgary, Canada (1,103 m). The Reaction Time (RTI), Attention Switching Task (AST), Rapid Visual Processing (RVP) and One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) tasks were administered and outcomes were expressed in milliseconds/frequencies. Lake Louise Score (LLS) and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded.>Results: In both cycles, no significant changes were found with acute exposure on the AST total score, mean latency and SD. Significant changes were found upon acclimatization solely in the altitude group, with improved AST Mean Latency [HA1 (588 ± 92) vs. HA6 (526 ± 91), p < 0.001] and Latency SD [HA1 (189 ± 86) vs. HA6 (135 ± 65), p < 0.001] compared to acute exposure, in Cycle 1. No significant differences were present in the control group. When entering Acute SpO2 (HA1-BL), Acclimatization SpO2 (HA6-BL) and LLS score as covariates for both cycles, the effects of acclimatization on AST outcomes disappeared indicating that the changes were partially explained by SpO2 and LLS. The changes in AST Mean Latency [ΔBL (−61.2 ± 70.2) vs. ΔHA6 (−28.0 ± 58), p = 0.005] and the changes in Latency SD [ΔBL (−28.4 ± 41.2) vs. ΔHA6 (−0.2235 ± 34.8), p = 0.007] across the two cycles were smaller with acclimatization. However, the percent changes did not differ between cycles. These results indicate independent effects of altitude across repeated exposures.>Conclusions: Selective and sustained attention are impaired at altitude and improves with acclimatization.The observed changes are associated, in part, with AMS score and SpO2. The gains in cognition with acclimatization during a first exposure are not carried over to repeated exposures.
机译：>目的：高海拔会影响神经认知功能，但是尚不清楚适应性和反复暴露对海拔的影响。与低海拔测试的对照组相比，我们调查了急性，亚急性和反复暴露于5,050 m的人对高海拔参与者的认知的影响。>方法： 21名高海拔未成年人（25.3±3.8年（13只雌性）暴露于5,050 m处1周（周期1），并在海平面一周休息后再次暴露（周期2）。在两个周期中均进行了基线（BL，520 m），急性（第1天，HA1）和适应（第6天，HA6，5,050 m）测量。在加拿大卡尔加里（1,103 m）的同期内对17名对照受试者（24.9±2.6岁，12名女性）进行了测试。管理反应时间（RTI），注意力转换任务（AST），快速视觉处理（RVP）和剑桥一键式储存（OTS）任务，结果以毫秒/频率表示。记录了路易斯湖评分（LLS）和血氧饱和度（SpO2）。>结果：在两个周期中，急性暴露于AST总评分，平均潜伏期和SD均未发现明显变化。仅在适应高度后，高原组就发生了显着变化，AST平均延迟时间[HA1（588±92）vs. HA6（526±91），p <0.001]和延迟时间SD [HA1（189±86）vs. HA6与急性暴露相比，在第1周期中（135±65），p <0.001]。对照组中没有显着差异。当输入急性SpO2（HA1-BL），适应性SpO2（HA6-BL）和LLS得分作为两个周期的协变量时，适应性对AST结果的影响消失了，表明这种变化部分由SpO2和LLS解释。 AST平均延迟[ΔBL（−61.2±70.2）与ΔHA6（−28.0±58），p = 0.005]的变化以及延迟SD [ΔBL（−28.4±41.2）与ΔHA6（−0.2235±34.8）的变化），p = 0.007]，随着环境的适应，两个周期变得更小。但是，百分比变化在各个周期之间没有差异。这些结果表明海拔高度对重复暴露具有独立影响。>结论：在海拔高度，选择性和持续注意力受到损害，并且随着环境的适应而改善。观察到的变化部分与AMS评分和SpO2相关。初次接触过程中随着驯化而获得的认知增益不会延续到重复接触中。

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