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Candidate Performance and Observable Audience Response: Laughter and Applause–Cheering During the First 2016 Clinton–Trump Presidential Debate

机译：候选人的表现和可观察到的观众反应：2016年首届克林顿-特朗普总统辩论期间的笑声和掌声—欢呼

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Raucous audience applause–cheering, laughter, and even booing by a passionately involved electorate marked the 2016 presidential debates from the start of the primary season. While the presence and intensity of these observable audience responses (OARs) can be expected from partisan primary debates, the amount of not just laughter, but also applause–cheering and booing during the first general election debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump was unprecedented. Such norm-violating audience behavior raises questions concerning not just the presence, strength, and timing of these OAR, but also their influence on those watching on television, streaming video, or listening to radio. This report presents findings from three interconnected studies. Study 1 provides a baseline for analysis by systematically coding the studio audience response in terms of utterance type (laughter, applause–cheering, booing, and mixtures), when and how intensely it occurred, and in response to which candidate. Study 2 uses observational analysis of 362 undergraduate students at a large state university in the southern United States who watched the debate on seven different news networks in separate rooms and evaluated the candidates’ performance. Study 2 considered co-occurrence of OAR in the studio audience and in the field study rooms, finding laughter predominated and was more likely to co-occur than other OAR types. When standardized cumulative strength of room OAR was compared, findings suggest co-occurring OAR was stronger than that occurring solely in the field study rooms. Analysis of truncated data allowing for consideration of studio audience OAR intensity found that OAR intensity was not related to OAR type occurring in the field study rooms, but had a small effect on standardized cumulative strength. Study 3 considers the results of a continuous response measure (CRM) dial study in which 34 West Texas community members watched and rated the candidates during the first debate. Findings suggest that applause–cheering significantly influenced liking of the speaking candidate, whereas laughter did not. Further, response to applause–cheering was mediated by party identity, although not for laughter. Conclusions from these studies suggest laughter as being more stereotypic and likely to be mimicked whereas applause–cheering may be more socially contagious.
机译：从小学季节开始，观众的热烈掌声-欢呼，欢笑，甚至是热情参与的选民的嘘声，标志着2016年总统辩论。尽管可以从党派的初次辩论中预见到这些可观察到的观众反应（OAR）的出现和强度，但在希拉里·克林顿和唐纳德·特朗普之间的首次大选辩论中，笑声，掌声和欢呼声都是前所未有的。这种违反规范的听众行为不仅引起了这些OAR的存在，强度和时间安排的问题，而且还涉及到它们对在电视，流媒体视频或收听广播中的观看者的影响。本报告介绍了三项相互关联的研究结果。研究1通过根据发声类型（笑声，掌声，欢呼声，嘘声和混合声），发生的时间和强度以及对哪个候选者的响应来系统地编码工作室观众的反应，从而提供了分析的基准。研究2对美国南部一所大型州立大学的362名本科生进行了观察性分析，他们在不同的房间观看了关于七个不同新闻网络的辩论，并对候选人的表现进行了评估。研究2考虑到在演播室观众和现场研究室中同时发生OAR，发现笑声占主导地位，并且比其他OAR类型更容易发生。当比较房间OAR的标准化累积强度时，发现表明同时发生的OAR比仅在实地研究室发生的OAR更强。通过对截短数据进行分析，考虑到工作室观众的OAR强度，发现OAR强度与现场研究室中发生的OAR类型无关，但对标准化累积强度影响很小。研究3考虑了连续响应测量（CRM）拨盘研究的结果，该研究在首次辩论中对34位西德克萨斯州社区成员进行了观察并对其进行了评分。研究结果表明，掌声和欢呼声会显着影响口语应试者的喜好，而笑声则不会。此外，对掌声与欢呼的反应是通过聚会的身份进行的，尽管不是出于笑声。这些研究的结论表明，笑声更具刻板印象，很可能被模仿，而掌声与欢呼声在社交上更具感染力。

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