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A linked land-sea modeling framework to inform ridge-to-reef management in high oceanic islands

机译：一个链接的陆海建模框架可为高洋岛屿的脊礁管理提供信息

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Declining natural resources have led to a cultural renaissance across the Pacific that seeks to revive customary ridge-to-reef management approaches to protect freshwater and restore abundant coral reef fisheries. Effective ridge-to-reef management requires improved understanding of land-sea linkages and decision-support tools to simultaneously evaluate the effects of terrestrial and marine drivers on coral reefs, mediated by anthropogenic activities. Although a few applications have linked the effects of land cover to coral reefs, these are too coarse in resolution to inform watershed-scale management for Pacific Islands. To address this gap, we developed a novel linked land-sea modeling framework based on local data, which coupled groundwater and coral reef models at fine spatial resolution, to determine the effects of terrestrial drivers (groundwater and nutrients), mediated by human activities (land cover/use), and marine drivers (waves, geography, and habitat) on coral reefs. We applied this framework in two ‘ridge-to-reef’ systems (Hā‘ena and Ka‘ūpūlehu) subject to different natural disturbance regimes, located in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Our results indicated that coral reefs in Ka‘ūpūlehu are coral-dominated with many grazers and scrapers due to low rainfall and wave power. While coral reefs in Hā‘ena are dominated by crustose coralline algae with many grazers and less scrapers due to high rainfall and wave power. In general, Ka‘ūpūlehu is more vulnerable to land-based nutrients and coral bleaching than Hā‘ena due to high coral cover and limited dilution and mixing from low rainfall and wave power. However, the shallow and wave sheltered back-reef areas of Hā‘ena, which support high coral cover and act as nursery habitat for fishes, are also vulnerable to land-based nutrients and coral bleaching. Anthropogenic sources of nutrients located upstream from these vulnerable areas are relevant locations for nutrient mitigation, such as cesspool upgrades. In this study, we located coral reefs vulnerable to land-based nutrients and linked them to priority areas to manage sources of human-derived nutrients, thereby demonstrating how this framework can inform place-based ridge-to-reef management.
机译：自然资源的减少导致了整个太平洋地区的文化复兴，其试图复兴习惯的从脊到礁的管理方法，以保护淡水并恢复丰富的珊瑚礁渔业。有效的脊到礁管理需要更好地了解陆海联系和决策支持工具，以同时评估人为活动介导的陆地和海洋驱动因素对珊瑚礁的影响。尽管有一些应用将土地覆盖的影响与珊瑚礁联系起来，但这些分辨率的分辨率太高，无法为太平洋岛屿的分水岭规模管理提供依据。为了解决这一差距，我们根据当地数据开发了一个新颖的链接海陆建模框架，该框架以精细的空间分辨率结合了地下水和珊瑚礁模型，以确定人类活动介导的陆地驱动因素（地下水和养分）的影响（土地覆盖/使用）以及珊瑚礁上的海洋驱动因素（海浪，地理和栖息地）。我们在夏威夷群岛的两个受不同自然扰动制度影响的“山脊到礁石”系统（Hāena和Ka'ūpūlehu）中应用了该框架。我们的研究结果表明，由于降雨量和波浪力低，卡普勒胡岛的珊瑚礁以珊瑚为主，有许多放牧者和刮板。哈纳的珊瑚礁以甲壳类珊瑚藻为主，由于高降雨和波浪力，它们的放牧者多且刮板少。总体而言，由于珊瑚覆盖率高，降雨和波浪能量低造成的稀释和混合有限，Ka'ūpūlehu比Hā'ena更容易受到陆地养分和珊瑚白化的影响。但是，哈纳（Hāena）的浅层和波状避难所礁区支撑着高珊瑚覆盖率，并作为鱼类的苗圃栖息地，也容易受到陆地养分和珊瑚白化的影响。这些脆弱区域上游的人为养分来源是减轻养分的相关地点，例如污水池升级。在这项研究中，我们确定了容易受到陆地养分影响的珊瑚礁，并将它们与优先区域联系起来，以管理人类衍生养分的来源，从而证明了该框架如何为基于地方的脊到礁管理提供信息。

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