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Human-accelerated weathering increases salinization major ions and alkalinization in fresh water across land use

机译：人为加速的风化会增加土地利用过程中淡水中的盐碱化主要离子和碱化

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Human-dominated land uses can increase transport of major ions in streams due to the combination of human-accelerated weathering and anthropogenic salts. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, alkalinity, and hardness significantly increased in the drinking water supply for Baltimore, Maryland over almost 50 years (p<0.05) coinciding with regional urbanization. Across a nearby land use gradient at the Baltimore Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, there were significant increases in concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and Si and pH with increasing impervious surfaces in 9 streams monitored bi-weekly over a 3–4 year period (p<0.05). Base cations in urban streams were up to 60 times greater than forest and agricultural streams, and elemental ratios suggested road salt and carbonate weathering from impervious surfaces as potential sources. Laboratory weathering experiments with concrete also indicated that impervious surfaces increased pH and DIC with potential to alkalinize urban waters. Ratios of Na+ and Cl− suggested that there was enhanced ion exchange in the watersheds from road salts, which could mobilize other base cations from soils to streams. There were significant relationships between Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ concentrations and Cl−, SO42−, NO3− and DIC across land use (p<0.05), which suggested tight coupling of geochemical cycles. Finally, concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and pH significantly increased with distance downstream (p<0.05) along a stream network draining 170 km2 of the Baltimore LTER site contributing to river alkalinization. Our results suggest that urbanization may dramatically increase major ions, ionic strength, and pH over decades from headwaters to coastal zones, which can impact integrity of aquatic life, infrastructure, drinking water, and coastal ocean alkalinization.
机译：由于人类加速的风化和人为盐的结合，人类控制的土地利用可以增加河流中主要离子的运输。马里兰州巴尔的摩的饮用水供应中的钙，镁，钠，碱度和硬度显着增加，近50年间（p <0.05）与区域城市化相吻合。在巴尔的摩长期生态研究（LTER）站点附近的土地利用梯度上，溶解性无机碳（DIC），Ca 2 + ，Mg 2+的浓度显着增加，Na + ，Si和pH随3至4年内每两周监测9条水流中不透水表面的增加而增加（p <0.05）。城市河流中的碱性阳离子比森林和农业河流中的阳离子最多高60倍，并且元素比率表明不透水路面的道路盐分和碳酸盐风化是潜在的来源。实验室用混凝土进行的风化试验还表明，不透水的表面会增加pH值和DIC，有可能碱化城市水。 Na + 和Cl -的比率表明，流域中的路盐离子交换增强，这可以将其他碱性阳离子从土壤转移到河流。 Ca 2 + ，Mg 2 + ，Na + 和K + 浓度与Cl之间存在显着关系土地利用中的-，SO4 2-，NO3 -和DIC（p <0.05），表明地球化学循环紧密耦合。最后，Na + ，Ca 2 + ，Mg 2 + 和pH的浓度随沿下游的距离而显着增加（p <0.05）。巴尔的摩LTER站点排水170 km 2 的河流网络，导致河流碱化。我们的结果表明，城市化可能会在数十年内从源头到沿海地区显着增加主要离子，离子强度和pH值，这可能会影响水生生物，基础设施，饮用水和沿海海洋碱化的完整性。

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