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Ballooning for Biologists: Mission Essentials for Flying Life Science Experiments to Near Space on NASA Large Scientific Balloons

机译：生物学家的气球飞行：在NASA大型科学气球上将生命科学实验飞行到近太空的任务要领

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Despite centuries of scientific balloon flights, only a handful of experiments have produced biologically-relevant results. Yet unlike orbital spaceflight, it is much faster and cheaper to conduct biology research with balloons, sending specimens to the near space environment of Earth’s stratosphere. Samples can be loaded the morning of a launch and sometimes returned to the laboratory within one day after flying. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) flies large, unmanned scientific balloons from all over the globe, with missions ranging from hours to weeks in duration. A payload in the middle portion of the stratosphere (~35 km above sea level) will be exposed to an environment similar to the surface of Mars: temperatures generally around −36 °C, atmospheric pressure at a thin 1 kPa, relative humidity levels < 1%, and a harsh illumination of ultraviolet (UV) and cosmic radiation levels (about 100 W/m2 and 0.1 mGy/d, respectively) that can be obtained nowhere else on the surface of the Earth, including environmental chambers and particle accelerator facilities attempting to simulate space radiation effects. Considering the operational advantages of ballooning and the fidelity of space-like stressors in the stratosphere, researchers in aerobiology, astrobiology, and space biology can benefit from balloon flight experiments as an intermediary step on the extraterrestrial continuum (ground, low Earth orbit, and deep space studies). Our review targets biologists with no background or experience in scientific ballooning. We will provide an overview of large balloon operations, biology topics that can be uniquely addressed in the stratosphere, and a roadmap for developing payloads to fly with NASA.
机译：尽管进行了数百年的科学气球飞行，但只有少数实验产生了生物学相关的结果。然而，与轨道太空飞行不同的是，用气球进行生物学研究将标本发送到地球平流层附近的太空环境要快得多，便宜得多。样品可以在发射的早晨装载，有时在飞行后一天之内返回实验室。美国国家航空航天局（NASA）驾驶着来自世界各地的大型无人科学气球，飞行任务的时间从数小时到数周不等。平流层中部（海拔约35公里）的有效载荷将暴露在类似于火星表面的环境中：温度通常在-36°C左右，大气压力在1 kPa薄，相对湿度< 1％的紫外线和宇宙辐射水平（分别约为100 W / m 2 和0.1 mGy / d）的苛刻照明是地球表面上无法获得的，包括试图模拟空间辐射效应的环境舱和粒子加速器设施。考虑到气球飞行的操作优势以及平流层中像太空一样的压力源的保真度，航空生物学，天体生物学和空间生物学的研究人员可以从气球飞行实验中受益，作为在地球外连续体（地面，低地球轨道和深空）的中间步骤空间研究）。我们的审查针对没有科学气球研究背景或经验的生物学家。我们将提供大型气球操作的概述，在平流层中可以独特解决的生物学主题，以及开发可与NASA一起飞行的有效载荷的路线图。

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