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Agro-Industrial Wastes for Production of Biosurfactant by Bacillus subtilis ANR 88 and Its Application in Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles

机译：枯草芽孢杆菌ANR 88生产生物表面活性剂的农业工业废料及其在银和金纳米颗粒合成中的应用

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Biosurfactants, surface-active amphiphilic compounds, despite having a wide range of applications, have a high cost of production, which severely restricts their use. For cheaper production of biosurfactant, we investigated the potential of the indigenously isolated biosurfactant producing organism, Bacillus subtilis ANR 88, to grow on different cheap carbon sources (molasses, whey, and extracts of potato peels, orange peels, banana peels, and bagasse). We found that, B. subtilis ANR 88 used significant amounts of total sugar to produce cell biomass and biosurfactant. The biosurfactant production in minimal medium containing glucose as sole source of carbon was 0.207 g/l and the same with molasses as carbon source was 0.241 g/l. With whey as carbon source, isolate failed to produce biosurfactant. Amongst the extracts of the agro-wastes, the extracts of bagasse and orange peels gave 0.127 and 0.089 g/l of biosurfactant respectively. One-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) studies carried out to optimize the production of biosurfactant by B. subtilis ANR 88 resulted into maximum biosurfactant yield of 0.513 g/l in medium: molasses 4%, ammonium ferric citrate 0.25%, pH 7. Plackett–Burman design based statistical method for optimization increased the production of biosurfactant to 0.746 g/l, which is 3.6-fold of that produced on glucose. The biosurfactant produced by B. subtilis ANR 88 was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR); it showed that the biosurfactant contained alkyl as well as peptide groups. The biosurfactant of B. subtilis ANR 88 was found effective in the synthesis of silver as well as gold nanoparticles in the total absence of conventional chemical reducing agents. Interestingly, nanoparticles produced were almost uniform in their size and shapes i.e., spherical silver (4–18 nm) and hexagonal gold nanoparticles (40–60 nm), as evident in TEM images.
机译：尽管表面活性剂，表面活性的两亲化合物具有广泛的应用范围，但它们的生产成本很高，这严重限制了它们的使用。为了更便宜地生产生物表面活性剂，我们研究了本地分离的生物表面活性剂生产菌枯草芽孢杆菌ANR 88在不同廉价碳源（糖蜜，乳清和马铃薯皮，橙皮，香蕉皮和蔗渣中的提取物）上生长的潜力。 。我们发现，枯草芽孢杆菌ANR 88使用了大量的总糖来产生细胞生物量和生物表面活性剂。在包含葡萄糖作为唯一碳源的基本培养基中，生物表面活性剂的产量为0.207 g / l，而糖蜜作为碳源的生物表面活性剂的产量为0.241 g / l。以乳清为碳源，分离株无法产生生物表面活性剂。在农业废料的提取物中，蔗渣和橙皮提取物分别得到0.127和0.089 g / l的生物表面活性剂。为优化枯草芽孢杆菌ANR 88的生物表面活性剂生产而进行的一次可变变量（OVAT）研究导致培养基中最大生物表面活性剂产量为0.513 g / l：糖蜜4％，柠檬酸铁铵0.25％， pH 7.基于Plackett-Burman设计的统计优化方法将生物表面活性剂的产量提高到0.746 g / l，是葡萄糖生产的3.6倍。用傅立叶变换红外光谱法（FT-IR）分析枯草芽孢杆菌ANR 88产生的生物表面活性剂。结果表明，该生物表面活性剂包含烷基和肽基团。发现在完全不存在常规化学还原剂的情况下，枯草芽孢杆菌ANR 88的生物表面活性剂可有效合成银和金纳米颗粒。有趣的是，从TEM图像中可以明显看出，生成的纳米粒子的大小和形状几乎是均匀的，即球形银（4–18 nm）和六角形金纳米粒子（40–60 nm）。

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