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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>other >Effects of shepherds and dogs on livestock depredation by leopards (Panthera pardus) in north-eastern Iran
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Effects of shepherds and dogs on livestock depredation by leopards (Panthera pardus) in north-eastern Iran

机译：牧羊犬对伊朗东北部豹（Panthera pardus）掠夺牲畜的影响

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Human-carnivore conflicts over livestock depredation are increasingly common, yet little is understood about the role of husbandry in conflict mitigation. As shepherds and guarding dogs are most commonly used to curb carnivore attacks on grazing livestock, evaluation and improvement of these practices becomes an important task. We addressed this issue by studying individual leopard (Panthera pardus) attacks on sheep and goats in 34 villages near Golestan National Park, Iran. We obtained and analyzed data on 39 attacks, which included a total loss of 31 sheep and 36 goats in 17 villages. We applied non-parametric testing, Poisson Generalized Linear Modelling (GLM) and model selection to assess how numbers of sheep and goats killed per attack are associated with the presence and absence of shepherds and dogs during attacks, depredation in previous years, villages, seasons, ethnic groups, numbers of sheep and goats kept in villages, and distances from villages to the nearest protected areas. We found that 95.5% of losses were inflicted in forests when sheep and goats were accompanied by shepherds (92.5% of losses) and dogs (77.6%). Leopards tended to kill more sheep and goats per attack (surplus killing) when dogs were absent in villages distant from protected areas, but still inflicted most losses when dogs were present, mainly in villages near protected areas. No other variables affected numbers of sheep and goats killed per attack. These results indicate that local husbandry practices are ineffectual and the mere presence of shepherds and guarding dogs is not enough to secure protection. Shepherds witnessed leopard attacks, but could not deter them while dogs did not exhibit guarding behavior and were sometimes killed by leopards. In an attempt to make practical, low-cost and socially acceptable improvements in local husbandry, we suggest that dogs are raised to create a strong social bond with livestock, shepherds use only best available dogs, small flocks are aggregated into larger ones and available shepherds herd these larger flocks together. Use of deterrents and avoidance of areas close to Golestan and in central, core areas of neighboring protected areas is also essential to keep losses down.
机译：关于牲畜掠食的人类食肉动物冲突越来越普遍，但是人们对畜牧业在缓解冲突中的作用知之甚少。由于牧羊犬和护卫犬最常用于遏制食肉动物对放牧牲畜的袭击，因此，评估和改进这些做法成为一项重要任务。我们通过研究在伊朗Golestan国家公园附近34个村庄对绵羊和山羊的豹子个体袭击（Panthera pardus）来解决此问题。我们获得并分析了39次袭击的数据，其中包括17个村庄的31只绵羊和36只山羊的总损失。我们应用了非参数测试，泊松广义线性建模（GLM）和模型选择来评估每次攻击杀死的绵羊和山羊数量与攻击期间，过去几年的掠夺，村庄，季节中牧羊犬的存在与否相关联，族裔，村庄中饲养的绵羊和山羊的数量以及村庄到最近的保护区的距离。我们发现，当绵羊和山羊伴有牧羊人（占损失的92.5％）和狗（77.6％）时，森林造成了95.5％的损失。如果在远离保护区的村庄里没有狗，豹子每次袭击往往会杀死更多的绵羊和山羊（过剩杀害），但是当有狗出现时，主要是在保护区附近的村庄里，豹子却造成了最大的损失。没有其他变量影响每次攻击杀死的绵羊和山羊的数量。这些结果表明，当地的畜牧业做法是无效的，仅牧羊犬和护卫犬的存在不足以确保保护。牧羊人目睹了豹子的袭击，但并不能阻止它们，而狗没有表现出警惕，有时被豹子杀死。为了在当地畜牧业中实现切实可行，成本低廉且在社会上可接受的改善，我们建议养狗以与牲畜建立牢固的社会联系，牧羊犬只使用可得的最好的狗，将小羊群聚集成较大的狗，并让牧羊人将这些较大的羊群放在一起。威慑措施的使用和避开Golestan附近以及邻近保护区中部，核心地区的避难所，对于降低损失也至关重要。

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