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A practical application of photogrammetry to performing rib characterization measurements in an underground coal mine using a DSLR camera

机译：摄影测量法在使用DSLR相机在地下煤矿中进行肋骨特征测量的实际应用

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摘要

Understanding coal mine rib behavior is important for inferring pillar loading conditions as well as ensuring the safety of miners who are regularly exposed to ribs. Due to the variability in the geometry of underground openings and ground behavior, point measurements often fail to capture the true movement of mine workings. Photogrammetry is a potentially fast, cheap, and precise supplemental measurement tool in comparison to extensometers, tape measures, or laser range meters, but its application in underground coal has been limited. The practical use of photogrammetry was tested at the Safety Research Coal Mine, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). A commercially available, digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera was used to perform the photogrammetric surveys for the experiment. Several experiments were performed using different lighting conditions, distances to subject, camera settings, and photograph overlaps, with results summarized as follows: the lighting method was found to be insignificant if the scene was appropriately illuminated. It was found that the distance to the subject has a minimal impact on result accuracy, and that camera settings have a significant impact on the photogrammetric quality of images. An increasing photograph resolution was preferable when measuring plane orientations; otherwise a high point cloud density would likely be excessive. Focal ratio (F-stop) changes affect the depth of field and image quality in situations where multiple angles are necessary to survey cleat orientations. Photograph overlap is very important to proper three-dimensional reconstruction, and at least 60% overlap between photograph pairs is ideal to avoid unnecessary post-processing. The suggestions and guidelines proposed are designed to increase the quality of photogrammetry inputs and outputs as well as minimize processing time, and serve as a starting point for an underground coal photogrammetry study.
机译：了解煤矿肋骨的行为对于推断支柱载荷条件以及确保定期暴露于肋骨的矿工的安全非常重要。由于地下洞口的几何形状和地面行为的可变性，点测量常常无法捕获矿井工作的真实运动。与引伸计，卷尺或激光测距仪相比，摄影测量法是一种潜在的快速，廉价且精确的补充测量工具，但它在地下煤中的应用受到限制。摄影测量的实际用途已在美国国家职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）的安全研究煤矿中进行了测试。使用市售的数字单镜反光（DSLR）相机进行摄影测量，以进行实验。使用不同的光照条件，到被摄物体的距离，相机设置和照片重叠进行了几次实验，结果总结如下：如果适当地照亮了场景，则发现光照方法并不重要。发现到主体的距离对结果准确性的影响最小，并且照相机设置对图像的摄影测量质量有重大影响。测量平面方向时，最好增加照片分辨率。否则，高点云密度可能会过高。在需要多个角度来测量防滑钉方向的情况下，焦距比（F档）的变化会影响景深和图像质量。照片重叠对于正确的三维重建非常重要，并且照片对之间至少60％的重叠是避免不必要的后处理的理想选择。提出的建议和指南旨在提高摄影测量学输入和输出的质量，并最大程度地减少处理时间，并作为地下煤炭摄影测量学研究的起点。

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