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Microorganisms in Confined Habitats: Microbial Monitoring and Control of Intensive Care Units Operating Rooms Cleanrooms and the International Space Station

机译：密闭生境中的微生物：重症监护室手术室洁净室和国际空间站的微生物监测和控制

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摘要

Indoor environments, where people spend most of their time, are characterized by a specific microbial community, the indoor microbiome. Most indoor environments are connected to the natural environment by high ventilation, but some habitats are more confined: intensive care units, operating rooms, cleanrooms and the international space station (ISS) are extraordinary living and working areas for humans, with a limited exchange with the environment. The purposes for confinement are different: a patient has to be protected from infections (intensive care unit, operating room), product quality has to be assured (cleanrooms), or confinement is necessary due to extreme, health-threatening outer conditions, as on the ISS. The ISS represents the most secluded man-made habitat, constantly inhabited by humans since November 2000 – and, inevitably, also by microorganisms. All of these man-made confined habitats need to be microbiologically monitored and controlled, by e.g., microbial cleaning and disinfection. However, these measures apply constant selective pressures, which support microbes with resistance capacities against antibiotics or chemical and physical stresses and thus facilitate the rise of survival specialists and multi-resistant strains. In this article, we summarize the available data on the microbiome of aforementioned confined habitats. By comparing the different operating, maintenance and monitoring procedures as well as microbial communities therein, we emphasize the importance to properly understand the effects of confinement on the microbial diversity, the possible risks represented by some of these microorganisms and by the evolution of (antibiotic) resistances in such environments – and the need to reassess the current hygiene standards.
机译：人们度过大部分时间的室内环境具有特定的微生物群落，即室内微生物组。大多数室内环境通过高通风与自然环境相连，但是某些栖息地更狭窄：重症监护室，手术室，无尘室和国际空间站（ISS）是人类的非凡居住和工作区域，与人类的交流有限环境。隔离的目的不同：必须保护患者免受感染（重症监护病房，手术室），必须保证产品质量（无尘室），或者由于极端的，威胁健康的外部条件而需要隔离，例如国际空间站。自2000年11月以来，ISS一直是人类最隐蔽的人造栖息地-不可避免地也存在微生物。所有这些人造的狭窄栖息地都需要通过微生物清洁和消毒等方法进行微生物监测和控制。但是，这些措施会施加恒定的选择压力，以支持对抗生素具有抗药性或化学和物理压力的微生物，从而促进生存专家和多重耐药菌株的出现。在本文中，我们总结了上述密闭栖息地微生物组的可用数据。通过比较不同的操作，维护和监控程序以及其中的微生物群落，我们强调了正确理解禁闭对微生物多样性的影响，这些微生物中的某些微生物以及（抗生素）演变所代表的可能风险的重要性。此类环境中的抗药性-以及需要重新评估当前的卫生标准。

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