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Seasonal variation in microhabitat of salamanders: environmental variation or shift of habitat selection?

机译：micro微生境的季节性变化：环境变化还是生境选择的转变？

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Relationships between species and their habitats are not always constant. Different processes may determine changes in species-habitat association: individuals may prefer different habitat typologies in different periods, or they may be forced to occupy a different habitat in order to follow the changing environment. The aim of our study was to assess whether cave salamanders change their habitat association pattern through the year, and to test whether such changes are determined by environmental changes or by changes in preferences. We monitored multiple caves in Central Italy through one year, and monthly measured biotic and abiotic features of microhabitat and recorded Italian cave salamanders distribution. We used mixed models and niche similarity tests to assess whether species-habitat relationships remain constant through the year. Microhabitat showed strong seasonal variation, with the highest variability in the superficial sectors. Salamanders were associated to relatively cold and humid sectors in summer, but not during winter. Such apparent shift in habitat preferences mostly occurred because the environmental gradient changed through the year, while individuals generally selected similar conditions. Nevertheless, juveniles were more tolerant to dry sectors during late winter, when food demand was highest. This suggests that tolerance for suboptimal abiotic conditions may change through time, depending on the required resources. Differences in habitat use are jointly determined by environmental variation through time, and by changes in the preferred habitat. The trade-offs between tolerance and resources requirement are major determinant of such variation.
机译：物种与其栖息地之间的关系并不总是恒定的。不同的过程可能决定物种-栖息地关联的变化：个体可能会在不同时期偏爱不同的栖息地类型，或者为了适应不断变化的环境而被迫占据不同的栖息地。我们研究的目的是评估洞穴sal在一年中是否改变了它们的栖息地关联模式，并检验了这种改变是由环境变化还是由偏好变化决定的。我们通过一年监控了意大利中部的多个洞穴，并每月测量了微栖息地的生物和非生物特征，并记录了意大利洞穴sal的分布。我们使用混合模型和生态位相似性测试来评估物种与栖息地的关系在整个一年中是否保持不变。微生境表现出强烈的季节性变化，在表层区域变化最大。 summer与夏季相对寒冷和潮湿的地区相关，但与冬季无关。这种栖息地偏好的明显变化主要是由于环境梯度在一年中发生变化，而个人通常选择了类似的条件。但是，在粮食需求最高的冬季末期，少年对干旱地区的容忍度更高。这表明对次优非生物条件的耐受性可能会随时间而变化，具体取决于所需的资源。栖息地使用的差异由环境随时间的变化以及首选栖息地的变化共同决定。公差和资源需求之间的权衡是这种变化的主要决定因素。

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