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Revisiting GMOs: Are There Differences in European Consumers’ Acceptance and Valuation for Cisgenically vs Transgenically Bred Rice?

机译：回顾转基因生物：欧洲消费者对转基因育种和转基因育种的接受和评价是否有所不同？

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Both cisgenesis and transgenesis are plant breeding techniques that can be used to introduce new genes into plant genomes. However, transgenesis uses gene(s) from a non-plant organism or from a donor plant that is sexually incompatible with the recipient plant while cisgenesis involves the introduction of gene(s) from a crossable—sexually compatible—plant. Traditional breeding techniques could possibly achieve the same results as those from cisgenesis, but would require a much larger timeframe. Cisgenesis allows plant breeders to enhance an existing cultivar more quickly and with little to no genetic drag. The current regulation in the European Union (EU) on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) treats cisgenic plants the same as transgenic plants and both are mandatorily labeled as GMOs. This study estimates European consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for rice labeled as GM, cisgenic, with environmental benefits (which cisgenesis could provide), or any combination of these three attributes. Data were collected from 3,002 participants through an online survey administered in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2013. Censored regression models were used to model consumers’ WTP in each country. Model estimates highlight significant differences in WTP across countries. In all five countries, consumers are willing-to-pay a premium to avoid purchasing rice labeled as GM. In all countries except Spain, consumers have a significantly higher WTP to avoid consuming rice labeled as GM compared to rice labeled as cisgenic, suggesting that inserting genes from the plant’s own gene pool is more acceptable to consumers. Additionally, French consumers are willing-to-pay a premium for rice labeled as having environmental benefits compared to conventional rice. These findings suggest that not all GMOs are the same in consumers’ eyes and thus, from a consumer preference perspective, the differences between transgenic and cisgenic products are recommended to be reflected in GMO labeling and trade policies.
机译：同基因和转基因都是植物育种技术，可用于将新基因引入植物基因组。但是，转基因使用的是来自非植物生物或供体植物的基因，这些基因与受体植物在性上不相容，而顺遗传则涉及从可交配的，性相容的植物中引入基因。传统的育种技术可能会获得与顺同育种相同的结果，但需要更长的时间。同基因发生可使植物育种者更快地增强现有品种，而几乎没有遗传阻力。欧盟（EU）中有关转基因生物（GMO）的现行法规将同基因植物与转基因植物一样对待，并且都强制标记为GMO。这项研究估计了欧洲消费者对标有转基因，顺生，具有环境效益（同基因转换可以提供）或这三个属性的任意组合的大米的支付意愿（WTP）。通过2013年在比利时，法国，荷兰，西班牙和英国进行的在线调查，从3,002名参与者中收集了数据。采用了删失回归模型来建模每个国家/地区消费者的WTP。模型估计值突出显示了各国之间WTP的显着差异。在这五个国家中，消费者都愿意为避免购买标有转基因的大米而支付高价。在除西班牙以外的所有国家中，消费者都避免使用标记为转基因的大米，而避免食用标记为转基因的大米，这意味着消费者更愿意接受从植物自身基因库中插入基因的WTP。此外，与传统大米相比，法国消费者愿意为标有环境效益的大米支付高价。这些发现表明，并非所有GMO都在消费者眼中是相同的，因此，从消费者喜好角度来看，建议在GMO标签和贸易政策中反映转基因产品和顺基因产品之间的差异。

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