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Movement Pattern Variability in Stone Knapping: Implications for the Development of Percussive Traditions

机译：绑石运动模式的变异性：对打击乐传统发展的启示

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The earliest direct evidence for tool-use by our ancestors are 2.6 million year old stone tools from Africa. These earliest artifacts show that, already, early hominins had developed the required advanced movement skills and cognitive capacities to manufacture stone tools. Currently, it is not well understood, however, which specific movement skills are required for successful stone knapping and accordingly it is unknown how these skills emerged during early hominin evolution. In particular, it is not clear which striking movements are indicative of skilled performance, how striking movement patterns vary with task and environmental constraints, and how movement patterns are passed on within social groups. The present study addresses these questions by investigating striking movement patterns and striking variability in 18 modern stone knappers (nine experienced and nine novices). The results suggest that no single movement pattern characterizes successful stone knapping. Participants showed large inter-individual movement variability of the elementary knapping action irrespective of knapping experience and knapping performance. Changes in task- and environmental constraints led knappers to adapt their elementary striking actions using a combination of individual and common strategies. Investigation of striking pattern similarities within social groups showed only partial overlap of striking patterns across related individuals. The results therefore suggest that striking movement patterns in modern stone knappers are largely specific to the individual and movement variability is not indicative of knapping performance. The implications of these results for the development of percussive traditions are discussed.
机译：我们祖先使用工具的最早直接证据是来自非洲的260万年前的石器工具。这些最早的文物表明，早期的人参已经发展了制造石材工具所需的高级运动技能和认知能力。然而，目前尚不十分清楚，成功打石需要哪些特定的运动技能，因此还不清楚这些技能在早期人源素进化过程中是如何出现的。特别是，尚不清楚哪些打击动作指示熟练的表现，打击动作模式如何随任务和环境的限制而变化以及如何在社会群体中传递动作模式。本研究通过调查18位现代石匠的敲击运动模式和敲击变异性（9名经验丰富的和9名新手）来解决这些问题。结果表明，没有单一的运动模式可以表征成功的石块绑架。参与者表现出基本的绑扎动作在个体间的较大运动变异性，而与绑扎经验和绑扎性能无关。任务和环境约束的变化导致敲诈者通过结合个体策略和共同策略来调整其基本的打击动作。对社会群体中打击方式相似性的研究表明，相关个人之间的打击方式仅部分重叠。因此，结果表明，现代石材敲击器的敲击运动方式在很大程度上是个人所特有的，并且运动的可变性并不表示敲击性能。讨论了这些结果对打击乐传统发展的影响。

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