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Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Feathered Dinosaur Measured Using Physical Models. Effects of Form on Static Stability and Control Effectiveness

机译：使用物理模型测量的羽毛恐龙的空气动力学特性。形式对静态稳定性和控制有效性的影响

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摘要

We report the effects of posture and morphology on the static aerodynamic stability and control effectiveness of physical models based on the feathered dinosaur, Microraptor gui, from the Cretaceous of China. Postures had similar lift and drag coefficients and were broadly similar when simplified metrics of gliding were considered, but they exhibited different stability characteristics depending on the position of the legs and the presence of feathers on the legs and the tail. Both stability and the function of appendages in generating maneuvering forces and torques changed as the glide angle or angle of attack were changed. These are significant because they represent an aerial environment that may have shifted during the evolution of directed aerial descent and other aerial behaviors. Certain movements were particularly effective (symmetric movements of the wings and tail in pitch, asymmetric wing movements, some tail movements). Other appendages altered their function from creating yaws at high angle of attack to rolls at low angle of attack, or reversed their function entirely. While M. gui lived after Archaeopteryx and likely represents a side experiment with feathered morphology, the general patterns of stability and control effectiveness suggested from the manipulations of forelimb, hindlimb and tail morphology here may help understand the evolution of flight control aerodynamics in vertebrates. Though these results rest on a single specimen, as further fossils with different morphologies are tested, the findings here could be applied in a phylogenetic context to reveal biomechanical constraints on extinct flyers arising from the need to maneuver.
机译：我们基于中国白垩纪的羽毛恐龙Microraptor gui报告了姿态和形态对静态空气动力学稳定性和物理模型控制效果的影响。当考虑简化的滑行指标时，姿势具有相似的升力和阻力系数，并且大致相似，但是根据腿的位置以及腿和尾巴上羽毛的存在，它们表现出不同的稳定性。随着滑翔角或迎角的变化，附肢在产生操纵力和扭矩方面的稳定性和功能也发生了变化。这些之所以重要，是因为它们代表了在定向空中下降和其他空中行为演变过程中可能发生了变化的空中环境。某些动作特别有效（机翼和尾巴在俯仰方向上对称运动，机翼不对称在飞行中，某些尾翼在运动中）。其他附件将其功能从在高攻角下创建偏航到在低攻角下翻滚，或完全颠倒了它们的功能。圭·米（M. gui）居住在始祖鸟之后，可能代表着羽毛状形态的副实验，但此处操纵前肢，后肢和尾巴形态暗示的稳定性和控制效力的一般模式可能有助于了解脊椎动物飞行控制空气动力学的演变。尽管这些结果基于单个样本，但随着进一步测试具有不同形态的化石，此处的发现仍可用于系统发育研究，以揭示因机动需要而对灭绝的飞行者造成的生物力学限制。

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