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Moving Beyond Neighborhood: Activity Spaces and Ecological Networks As Contexts for Youth Development

机译：超越邻里：活动空间和生态网络作为青年发展的背景

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摘要

Many scholars, policy analysts, and practitioners agree that neighborhoods are important contexts for urban youth. Yet, despite decades of research, our knowledge of why and how neighborhoods influence the day-to-day lives of youth is still emerging. Theories about neighborhood effects largely assume that neighborhoods operate to influence youth through exposure-based mechanisms. Extant theoretical approaches, however, have neglected the processes by which neighborhood socioeconomic contexts influence the routine spatial exposures—or activity spaces—of urban residents. In this article, we argue that exposure to organizations, institutions, and other settings that characterize individual activity spaces is a key mechanism through which neighborhoods influence youth outcomes. Moreover, we hypothesize that aggregate patterns of shared local exposure—captured by the concept of ecological networks—are influenced by neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and are independently consequential for neighborhood youth. Neighborhoods in which residents intersect in space more extensively as a result of routine conventional activities will exhibit higher levels of social capital relevant to youth well-being, including (1) familiarity, (2) beneficial (weak) social ties, (3) trust, (4) shared expectations for pro-social youth behavior (collective efficacy), and (5) the capacity for consistent monitoring of public space. We then consider the implications of ecological networks for understanding the complexities of contextual exposure. We specifically discuss the role of embeddedness in ecological communities—that is, clusters of actors and locations that intersect at higher rates—for understanding contextual influences that are inadequately captured by geographically defined neighborhoods. We conclude with an overview of new approaches to data collection that incorporate insights from an activity-space and ecological-network perspective on neighborhood and contextual influences on youth. Our approach offers (1) a new theoretical approach to understanding the links between neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and youth-relevant dimensions of neighborhood social capital; (2) a basis for conceptualizing contextual influences that vary within, or extend beyond, traditionally understood geographic neighborhoods; and (3) a suite of methodological tools and resources to address the mechanisms of contextual influence more precisely. Research into the causes and consequences of urban neighborhood routine activity structures will illuminate the social processes accounting for compromised youth outcomes in disadvantaged neighborhoods and enhance the capacity for effective youth-oriented interventions.
机译：许多学者，政策分析家和实践者都认为，社区是城市青年的重要环境。然而，尽管进行了数十年的研究，但我们对社区为何以及如何影响青年的日常生活的了解仍在不断增长。关于邻里效应的理论在很大程度上假设邻里通过基于暴露的机制来影响青年。但是，现有的理论方法忽略了邻里社会经济环境影响城市居民日常空间暴露或活动空间的过程。在本文中，我们认为接触组织，机构和其他具有个体活动空间特征的环境是社区影响青年成果的关键机制。此外，我们假设被生态网络概念捕获的共享的局部暴露的总体模式受邻里社会经济特征的影响，并且对于邻里青年是独立的必然结果。例行常规活动导致居民在空间上相交的社区将表现出与青年福祉相关的更高水平的社会资本，包括（1）熟悉度，（2）有益（弱）社会纽带，（3）信任，（4）对青年人的亲社会行为有共同的期望（集体效能），以及（5）对公共空间进行持续监控的能力。然后，我们考虑了生态网络对于理解背景​​暴露的复杂性的意义。我们专门讨论了嵌入性在生态社区中的作用，即，以较高比率相交的行为者集群和位置集群，以了解由地理位置界定的邻域未能充分捕获的上下文影响。最后，我们概述了数据收集的新方法，这些方法结合了从活动空间和生态网络的角度对青年邻里和环境影响的见解。我们的方法提供了（1）一种新的理论方法，以了解邻里社会经济特征与邻里社会资本的青年相关维度之间的联系； （2）概念化在传统理解的地理区域内变化的范围影响的概念基础； （3）一套方法工具和资源，可以更精确地解决情境影响的机制。对城市邻里日常活动结构的成因和后果的研究将阐明社会过程，说明处境不利的邻里的青年成果受损，并增强以青年为导向的有效干预措施的能力。

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    Christopher R. Browning; Brian Soller;

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  • 年(卷),期 -1(16),1
  • 年度 -1
  • 页码 165–196
  • 总页数 31
  • 原文格式 PDF
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