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Analysis of Carica papaya Telomeres and Telomere-Associated Proteins: Insights into the Evolution of Telomere Maintenance in Brassicales

机译：木瓜番木瓜端粒和端粒相关蛋白的分析：十字花科中端粒维持进化的见解。

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Telomeres are terminal regions of linear eukaryotic chromosomes that are critical for genome stability and continued cell proliferation. The draft assembly of the papaya genome provides an opportunity to analyze and compare the evolution of telomeric DNA sequence composition and telomere maintenance machinery in this and other organisms of the Brassicales Order, which includes Arabidopsis. Here we investigate telomere size and sequence variation at papaya chromosome ends. As with most other plant species, papaya telomeres consist of TTTAGGG repeats. However, in contrast to members of the closely related Brassicaceae family, telomeres in papaya are ~10-fold longer. Sequence analysis reveals that many centromereproximal telomere repeats in papaya harbor nucleotide substitutions and insertions of Gs and Ts. In contrast, we found very few N-to-C substitutions, and even fewer instances of nucleotide deletion, suggesting that a six-nucleotide telomere repeat is not well tolerated. The papaya genome encodes single-copy sequence homologues of several genes involved in telomere maintenance and chromosome end protection, including the Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) and Protection Of Telomeres (POT1). Notably, unlike Arabidopsis, which encodes six Telomere Repeat binding Factor-like (TRFL) proteins that bind double-stranded telomere DNA, papaya appears to encode only two such proteins. Thus, the more streamlined genome of papaya will provide an excellent resource for comparative and functional analysis of telomeres in plants.
机译：端粒是线性真核染色体的末端区域，对基因组稳定性和持续的细胞增殖至关重要。木瓜基因组的装配草案为分析和比较端粒DNA序列组成和端粒维持机制在包括拟南芥在内的十字花科和其他生物中的发展提供了机会。在这里，我们研究了番木瓜染色体末端的端粒大小和序列变异。与大多数其他植物一样，木瓜端粒由TTTAGGG重复序列组成。但是，与密切相关的十字花科家族成员相反，木瓜中的端粒长约10倍。序列分析表明，木瓜中的许多着丝粒端粒重复序列都具有核苷酸取代和Gs和Ts的插入。相反，我们发现很少有N-to-C取代，甚至更少的核苷酸缺失实例，这表明对6个核苷酸的端粒重复序列的耐受性不高。木瓜基因组编码涉及端粒维护和染色体末端保护的几个基因的单拷贝序列同源物，包括端粒酶逆转录酶（TERT）和端粒保护（POT1）。值得注意的是，与编码六个结合双链端粒DNA的端粒重复结合因子样（TRFL）蛋白的拟南芥不同，木瓜似乎只编码两个这样的蛋白。因此，番木瓜基因组更加精简，将为植物端粒的比较和功能分析提供极好的资源。

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