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Variation in stress and innate immunity in the tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus) across an urban-rural gradient

机译：城乡梯度上蜥蜴（Urosaurus ornatus）的压力和先天免疫力的变化

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The urban environment presents new and different challenges to wildlife, but also potential opportunities depending on the species. As urban encroachment onto native habitats continues, understanding the impact of this expansion on native species is vital to conservation. A key physiological indicator of environmental disturbance is the vertebrate stress response, involving increases in circulating glucocorticoids (i.e., corticosterone), which exert influence on numerous physiological parameters including energy storage, reproduction, and immunity. We examined how urbanization in Phoenix, Arizona influences corticosterone levels, blood parasitism, and innate immunity in populations of tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) to determine whether urbanization may be detrimental or beneficial to this species. Both baseline and stress-induced corticosterone concentrations were significantly lower in urban lizards relative to the rural ones, however, the magnitude of the increase in corticosterone with stress did not differ across populations. Urban lizards also had a lower ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes, but elevated overall leukocyte count, as compared to lizards from the natural site. Urban and rural lizards did not differ in their prevalence of the blood parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum. Taken together, these results suggest that urban tree lizards may have suppressed overall corticosterone concentrations possibly from down-regulation as a result of frequent exposure to stressors, or increased access to urban resources. Also, urban lizards may have bolstered immunocompetence possibly from increased immune challenges, such as wounding, in the urban environment, or from greater energetic reserves being available as a result of access to urban resources.
机译：城市环境给野生生物带来了新的和不同的挑战，但也取决于物种的潜在机会。随着城市继续侵占原生栖息地，了解这种扩张对原生物种的影响对于保护至关重要。环境扰动的关键生理指标是脊椎动物的应激反应，涉及循环中糖皮质激素（即皮质酮）的增加，这对包括能量存储，繁殖和免疫力在内的许多生理参数产生影响。我们研究了亚利桑那州凤凰城的城市化进程如何影响树蜥蜴（Urosaurus ornatus）种群中的皮质酮水平，血液寄生性和先天免疫力，以确定城市化进程是否对该物种有害或有益。城市蜥蜴的基线和应激诱导的皮质酮浓度均显着低于农村蜥蜴，但是，随着压力的升高，皮质酮在人群中的升高幅度没有差异。与自然地点的蜥蜴相比，城市蜥蜴的异嗜性与淋巴细胞比率也较低，但白细胞总数却增加了。城乡蜥蜴在血液中的寄生虫-疟原虫（Plasmodium mexicanum）的患病率没有差异。综上所述，这些结果表明，城市树木蜥蜴可能抑制了皮质酮的总体浓度，这可能是由于经常暴露于压力源或增加了对城市资源的获取而导致的下调。同样，城市蜥蜴可能增强了免疫能力，可能是由于城市环境中受伤等免疫挑战的增加，或者是由于获得城市资源而获得的精力充沛的储备。

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