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Spatial and temporal characteristics of soil conservation service in the area of the upper and middle of the Yellow River China

机译：黄河中上游地区水土保持服务的时空特征

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Soil erosion is an important environmental problem in the area of the upper and middle of the Yellow River (AUMYR), China, one of the most severe soil erosion areas in the world. It is significantly influences on the ecological security and sustainable development of the region. Soil conservation (SC) service, as one of the most important regulating services provided by ecosystems, can alter soil and water processes and improve ecosystem services that ensure human welfare. Investigations of spatial and temporal characteristics of SC service play important roles in soil erosion control and ecosystem protection in AUMYR. In the past several years, restoration projects (e.g. the Grain-for-Green project) were implemented to improve SC in most of AUMYR. It is needed to evaluate the change of SC service brought about by the projects. This study carries out quantitative spatial analysis of SC services through Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model and geographic information system (GIS) manipulation based on various datasets, such as remote sensing image, digital elevation model (DEM), climate, and land use/cover maps. Soil retention calculated as potential soil erosion (erosion without vegetation cover) minus actual soil erosion was applied as indicator for SC service. The results are like these. (1) The total amount and mean capacity of SC service in AUMYR were 7.22 billion t/a and 142.2 t/hm ·a in 2000 and 10.19 billion t/a and 200.8 t/hm ·a in 2010, respectively. South-east AUMYR exhibited a much higher capacity of soil retaining than the north-west. (2) Forest ecosystems displayed higher SC capacity than other types of ecosystems. Moreover, the SC capacity of ecosystems increased with the increasing of slope gradient. (3) Variations of SC rate (the ratio of SC to potential soil erosion in percentage) in different units (ecosystem, slope zone and city) were relatively small and ca. 90% of potentially eroded soil was retained in AUMYR. (4) The spatial characteristics of SC service in AUMYR were primarily controlled by topography at the regional scale. Vegetation cover restoration significantly improved the capacity of SC service in AUMYR in the midst year of 2000 and 2010. The results revealed that ecological restoration efforts significantly enhanced SC service of ecosystem in the study area.
机译：在世界上最严重的水土流失地区之一的中国黄河中上游地区，水土流失是一个重要的环境问题。这对该地区的生态安全和可持续发展具有重大影响。作为生态系统提供的最重要的调节服务之一，土壤保护（SC）服务可以改变土壤和水的过程并改善确保人类福祉的生态系统服务。 SC服务的时空特征研究在AUMYR的土壤侵蚀控制和生态系统保护中起着重要作用。在过去的几年中，实施了恢复项目（例如，“绿色换粮”项目）以改善大部分AUMYR的SC。需要评估项目带来的SC服务的变化。本研究通过通用水土流失方程（USLE）模型和地理信息系统（GIS）基于各种数据集（如遥感图像，数字高程模型（DEM），气候和土地利用）对SC服务进行定量空间分析/ cover地图。将土壤保持力计算为潜在土壤侵蚀（无植被覆盖的侵蚀）减去实际土壤侵蚀，作为SC服务的指标。结果是这样的。 （1）2000年和2010年，AUMYR的SC服务总量和平均容量分别为72.2亿吨/年和142.2吨/ hm·a，2010年为101.9亿吨/年和200.8吨/ hm·a。东南AUMYR的土壤保持能力比西北高得多。 （2）森林生态系统显示出比其他类型的生态系统更高的SC能力。此外，生态系统的SC能力随着坡度的增加而增加。 （3）不同单位（生态系统，坡地带和城市）的SC率（SC与潜在土壤侵蚀的百分比之比）的变化相对较小，约为。 90％的潜在侵蚀土壤保留在AUMYR中。 （4）AUMYR中SC服务的空间特征主要受区域规模的地形控制。在2000年和2010年中期，植被覆盖恢复显着提高了AUMYR的SC服务能力。结果表明，生态恢复努力显着增强了研究区生态系统的SC服务。

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