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Extracellular HMGB1: a therapeutic target in severe pulmonary inflammation including COVID-19?

机译:细胞外HMGB1:包括COVID-19在内的严重肺部炎症的治疗靶点?

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摘要

Inflammation induced by HMGB1-partner molecule complexes. Necrotic cells release DAMP and PAMP molecules extracellularly where they form complexes with HMGB1 released from dying or activated cells (1); these complexes bind to RAGE abundantly expressed in the lungs (2); and get endocytosed to endosomes having TLR receptors including TLR4 which may be activated by HMGB1 (3); HMGB1 and partner molecules translocate to lysosomes, where HMGB1 acts like a detergent under the acidic conditions and disrupts the lysosomal membrane enabling HMGB1-partner molecules access to the cytosol (4); the translocated molecules bind and activate reciprocal cytoplasmic receptors generating inflammasome activation and additional proinflammatory events (5); the subsequent outcome production and extracellular release of cytokines via pore formation in the cell surface membrane accomplished by oligomerized gasdermin D. The final outcome is pyroptosis. Active gasdermin D also rotates and translocates phosphatidylserine molecules to the outside of the cell surface membrane and induces tissue factor on endothelial cells. This biology initiates coagulation (6)
机译:HMGB1伙伴分子复合物引起的炎症。坏死细胞在细胞外释放DAMP和PAMP分子,与死亡或活化细胞释放的HMGB1形成复合物(1);这些复合物与肺中大量表达的RAGE结合(2);并被具有TLR受体(包括TLR4)的内体吞噬,其中TLR4可能被HMGB1激活(3); HMGB1和伴侣分子易位至溶酶体,在酸性条件下,HMGB1像去污剂一样起作用,破坏了溶酶体膜,使HMGB1伴侣分子能够进入胞质溶胶(4);易位分子结合并激活相互的胞质受体,产生炎症小体激活和其他促炎事件(5);随后的结果产生和细胞因子通过低聚加德敏D的低聚在细胞表面膜上形成孔而在细胞外释放。最终结果是发烧。活性加德敏D也会旋转磷脂酰丝氨酸分子并将其转移到细胞表面膜的外部,并诱导内皮细胞上的组织因子。这种生物学引发凝血(6)

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