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The 21st Century Agriculture: When Rice Research Draws Attention to Climate Variability and How Weedy Rice and Underutilized Grains Come in Handy

机译：21世纪的农业：当水稻研究引起人们对气候变化的关注时杂草和未充分利用的谷物如何派上用场

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摘要

Rice, the first crop to be fully sequenced and annotated in the mid-2000s, is an excellent model species for crop research due mainly to its relatively small genome and rich genetic diversity. The 130-million-year-old cereal came into the limelight in the 1960s when the semi-dwarfing gene , better known as the “green revolution” gene, resulted in the establishment of a high-yielding semi-dwarf variety IR8. Deemed as the miracle rice, IR8 saved millions of lives and revolutionized irrigated rice farming particularly in the tropics. The technology, however, spurred some unintended negative consequences, especially in prompting ubiquitous monoculture systems that increase agricultural vulnerability to extreme weather events and climate variability. One feasible way to incorporate resilience in modern rice varieties with narrow genetic backgrounds is by introgressing alleles from the germplasm of its weedy and wild relatives, or perhaps from the suitable underutilized species that harbor novel genes responsive to various biotic and abiotic stresses. This review reminisces the fascinating half-century journey of rice research and highlights the potential utilization of weedy rice and underutilized grains in modern breeding programs. Other possible alternatives to improve the sustainability of crop production systems in a changing climate are also discussed.
机译：水稻是2000年代中期第一个被完全测序和注释的作物，由于其相对较小的基因组和丰富的遗传多样性，它是作物研究的典范。具有1.3亿年历史的谷类食品在1960年代备受关注，当时半矮化基因（即众所周知的“绿色革命”基因）导致了高产半矮化品种IR8的建立。 IR8被视为奇迹水稻，挽救了数百万生命，并彻底改变了灌溉水稻的种植方式，特别是在热带地区。但是，这项技术引起了一些意想不到的负面后果，特别是在促使普遍存在的单一栽培体系的出现，这种体系增加了农业对极端天气事件和气候多变性的脆弱性。将抗逆性纳入具有狭窄遗传背景的现代水稻品种中的一种可行方法是，从其杂草和野生近缘种的种质中，或从具有对各种生物和非生物胁迫响应的新基因的合适利用不足的种质中导入等位基因。这篇评论让人回想起半个世纪的迷人的水稻研究历程，并着重指出了杂草稻和未充分利用的谷物在现代育种计划中的潜在利用。还讨论了在气候变化的情况下提高作物生产系统可持续性的其他可能选择。

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