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Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Oil Palm Shell Reinforced Rubber Composites

机译：油棕壳增强橡胶复合材料的数值与实验研究

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This paper presents a pioneering effort to ascertain the suitability of hyperelastic modelling in simulating the stress–strain response of oil palm shell reinforced rubber (ROPS) composites. ROPS composites with different oil palm shell contents (0%, 5%, 10% and 20% by volume) were cast in the laboratory for the experimental investigation. ROPS specimens with circular, square, hexagon, and octagon shapes (loading surface) were considered to evaluate the accuracy of finite element simulation considering the shape effect of composites. Strain-controlled (compressive) tests with ε ≈ 50% at 0.8 Hz frequency were conducted in the laboratory and the test data obtained was used as input to simulate material coefficients corresponding to the strain energy functions chosen. Five different strain energy functions were selected and utilized for the hyperelastic modelling in this study using finite element approach. The shape effect was then used to ascertain any variation in the simulation outcomes and to discuss the effect of shape on the behaviour of ROPS composites in comparison to existing literature. The numerical predictions using the Yeoh model (error ≤ 2.7% for circular shaped ROPS) were found to perform best in comparison with the experimental results, thus a more stable and suitable hyperelastic model to this end. The Marlow (error ≤ 4.6% for circular shaped ROPS) and Arruda Boyce (error ≤ 4.7% for circular shaped ROPS) models were amongst the next alternatives to perform better. Even with the other shapes considered in this study, Yeoh, followed by the Marlow function, were more appropriate models. The shape effect was then studied with particular emphasis on comparing and assessing them with that observed in the literature. To this end, adopting the Yeoh function in the finite element model is the ideal approach to estimate the stress–strain response of ROPS composites.
机译：本文提出了开拓性的努力来确定超弹性模型在模拟油棕壳增强橡胶（ROPS）复合材料的应力-应变响应中的适用性。在实验室中浇铸了具有不同油棕壳含量（按体积计0％，5％，10％和20％）的ROPS复合材料，以进行实验研究。考虑到复合材料的形状效应，考虑使用圆形，正方形，六边形和八边形（加载表面）的ROPS样本来评估有限元模拟的准确性。在实验室中以ε≈50％在0.8 Hz频率下进行了应变控制（压缩）测试，并将获得的测试数据作为输入来模拟与所选应变能函数相对应的材料系数。选择了五个不同的应变能函数，并使用有限元方法将其用于本研究的超弹性建模。然后将形状效应用于确定模拟结果中的任何变化，并与现有文献进行比较，讨论形状对ROPS复合材料性能的影响。发现使用Yeoh模型进行的数值预测（圆形ROPS的误差≤2.7％）与实验结果相比表现最佳，因此为此目的，该模型更加稳定和合适。接下来的替代方法中，Marlow（圆形ROPS的误差≤4.6％）和Arruda Boyce（圆形ROPS的误差≤4.7％）模型是表现更好的下一个替代方案。即使在本研究中考虑了其他形状，Yeoh和Marlow函数也是更合适的模型。然后研究了形状效应，特别着重于与文献中观察到的形状效应进行比较和评估。为此，在有限元模型中采用Yeoh函数是估算ROPS复合材料应力-应变响应的理想方法。

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