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Green Concrete for a Circular Economy: A Review on Sustainability Durability and Structural Properties

机译：循环经济的绿色混凝土：可持续性耐用性和结构性的综述

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A primary concern of conventional Portland cement concrete (PCC) is associated with the massive amount of global cement and natural coarse aggregates (NCA) consumption, which causes depletion of natural resources on the one hand and ecological problems on the other. As a result, the concept of green concrete (GC), by replacing cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), and metakaolin (MK), or replacing NCA with recycled coarse aggregates, can play an essential role in addressing the environmental threat of PCC. Currently, there is a growing body of literature that emphasizes the importance of implementing GC in concrete applications. Therefore, this paper has conducted a systematic literature review through the peer-reviewed literature database Scopus. A total of 114 papers were reviewed that cover the following areas: (1) sustainability benefits of GC, (2) mechanical behavior of GC in terms of compressive strength, (3) durability properties of GC under several environmental exposures, (4) structural performance of GC in large-scale reinforced beams under shear and flexure, and (5) analytical investigation that compares the GC shear capacities of previously tested beams with major design codes and proposed models. Based on this review, the reader will be able to select the optimum replacement level of cement with one of the SCMs to achieve a certain concrete strength range that would suit a certain concrete application. Also, the analysis of durability performance revealed that the addition of SCMs is not recommended in concrete exposed to a higher temperature than 400 °C. Moreover, combining GGBFS with FA in a concrete mix was noticed to be superior to PCC in terms of long-term resistance to sulfate attack. The single most striking observation to emerge from the data comparison of the experimentally tested beams with the available concrete shear design equations is that the beams having up to 70% of FA as a replacement to OPC or up to 100% of RCA as a replacement to NCA were conservatively predicted by the equations of Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE-1997), the American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-19), and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA-A23.3-14).
机译：传统的波特兰水泥混凝土（PCC）的主要关注点与大量的全球水泥和天然粗骨料（NCA）消费相关，这导致一方面的自然资源耗尽和另一方面的生态问题。结果，通过用辅助水泥（SCM）替换水泥，如地面粒状高炉渣（GGBF），飞灰（FA），二氧化硅（SF）和Metakaolin（MK ）或用回收的粗骨料替换NCA，可以在解决PCC的环境威胁方面发挥重要作用。目前，有一种不断增长的文献体系强调在混凝土应用中实施GC的重要性。因此，本文通过同行评审文献数据库Scopus进行了系统的文献综述。审查了114篇论文，涵盖以下领域：（1）GC的可持续性益处，（2）GC在抗压强度方面的力学行为，（3）GC在若干环境暴露下的耐久性，（4）结构GC在剪切和挠性下的大型加强梁中的性能，以及（5）分析研究，与主要的设计代码和提出的模型相比先前测试的梁的GC剪切容量。基于本综述，读者能够选择与其中一个SCM的最佳替代水平，以实现适合某一混凝土应用的具体强度范围。此外，耐久性性能的分析表明，在暴露于比400°C的温度较高的混凝土中，不建议添加SCM。此外，在长期抗硫酸盐攻击方面，注意到将GGBF与混凝土混合物中的FA合并为PCC。从具有可用混凝土剪切设计方程的实验测试梁的数据比较出来的单一引人注目的观察是，具有高达70％的FA作为OPC或最多100％RCA的梁作为替换日本土木工程师（JSCE-1997），美国混凝土研究所（ACI 318-19）和加拿大标准协会（CSA-A23.3-14）的方程保守地预测了NCA。

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