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Cotton Wastes Functionalized Biomaterials from Micro to Nano: A Cleaner Approach for a Sustainable Environmental Application

机译：棉浪费从微量微量到纳米官能化生物材料：可持续环境应用的清洁方法

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The exponential increase in textile cotton wastes generation and the ineffective processing mechanism to mitigate its environmental impact by developing functional materials with unique properties for geotechnical applications, wastewater, packaging, and biomedical engineering have become emerging global concerns among researchers. A comprehensive study of a processed cotton fibres isolation technique and their applications are highlighted in this review. Surface modification of cotton wastes fibre increases the adsorption of dyes and heavy metals removal from wastewater. Cotton wastes fibres have demonstrated high adsorption capacity for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater. Cotton wastes fibres have found remarkable application in slope amendments, reinforcement of expansive soils and building materials, and a proven source for isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Several research work on the use of cotton waste for functional application rather than disposal has been done. However, no review study has discussed the potentials of cotton wastes from source (Micro-Nano) to application. This review critically analyses novel isolation techniques of CNC from cotton wastes with an in-depth study of a parameter variation effect on their yield. Different pretreatment techniques and efficiency were discussed. From the analysis, chemical pretreatment is considered the most efficient extraction of CNCs from cotton wastes. The pretreatment strategies can suffer variation in process conditions, resulting in distortion in the extracted cellulose’s crystallinity. Acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid is the most used extraction process for cotton wastes-based CNC. A combined pretreatment process, such as sonication and hydrolysis, increases the crystallinity of cotton-based CNCs. The improvement of the reinforced matrix interface of textile fibres is required for improved packaging and biomedical applications for the sustainability of cotton-based CNCs.
机译：纺织棉废弃物的指数增加和无效的加工机制，通过开发具有独特性岩土应用，废水，包装和生物医学工程的功能材料，使其在研究人员中的全球担忧成为新兴的全球担忧。在本综述中突出了对加工棉纤维隔离技术及其应用的综合研究。棉浪费的表面改性纤维增加了废水中染料和重金属的吸附。棉浪费纤维表现出高吸附能力，用于去除废水中的醋酸污染物。棉浪费纤维在坡修改，加强膨胀土和建筑材料中发现了显着的应用，以及分离纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）的经过验证的来源。关于使用棉垃圾用于功能应用而不是处置的几项研究工作已经完成。然而，没有审查研究已经讨论了从源（微纳米）到应用的棉花废物的潜力。本综述重点分析了CNC从棉花废物的新型分离技术，深入研究了对其产量的参数变异效应。讨论了不同的预处理技术和效率。从分析中，化学预处理被认为是棉废物中数量最有效的CNC提取。预处理策略可以遭受工艺条件的变化，导致提取的纤维素的结晶度变形。使用硫酸的酸性水解是基于棉废物的CNC最常用的提取过程。组合的预处理方法，例如超声处理和水解，增加了棉基CNC的结晶度。需要改进纺织纤维的增强基质界面，以改善棉花基CNC的可持续性的包装和生物医学应用。

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