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Reproductive trait differences drive offspring production in urban cavity‐nesting bees and wasps

机译：生殖特质差异驱动城市腔筑巢蜜蜂和黄蜂的后代生产

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The contrasting and idiosyncratic changes in biodiversity that have been documented across urbanization gradients call for a more mechanistic understanding of urban community assembly. The reproductive success of organisms in cities should underpin their population persistence and the maintenance of biodiversity in urban landscapes. We propose that exploring individual‐level reproductive traits and environmental drivers of reproductive success could provide the necessary links between environmental conditions, offspring production, and biodiversity in urban areas. For 3 years, we studied cavity‐nesting solitary bees and wasps in four urban green space types across Toronto, Canada. We measured three reproductive traits of each nest: the total number of brood cells, the proportion of parasite‐free cells, and the proportion of non‐emerged brood cells that were parasite‐free. We determined (a) how reproductive traits, trait diversity and offspring production respond to multiple environmental variables and (b) how well reproductive trait variation explains the offspring production of single nests, by reflecting the different ways organisms navigate trade‐offs between gathering of resources and exposure to parasites. Our results showed that environmental variables were poor predictors of mean reproductive trait values, trait diversity, and offspring production. However, offspring production was highly positively correlated with reproductive trait evenness and negatively correlated with trait richness and divergence. This suggests that a narrow range of reproductive traits are optimal for reproduction, and the even distribution of individual reproductive traits across those optimal phenotypes is consistent with the idea that selection could favor diverse reproductive strategies to reduce competition. This study is novel in its exploration of individual‐level reproductive traits and its consideration of multiple axes of urbanization. Reproductive trait variation did not follow previously reported biodiversity‐urbanization patterns; the insensitivity to urbanization gradients raise questions about the role of the spatial mosaic of habitats in cities and the disconnections between different metrics of biodiversity.
机译：在城市化梯度上记录的生物多样性的对比和特质变化呼吁对城市社区集会进行更具机制理解。城市生物体的生殖成功应支撑其人口持续和在城市景观中维持生物多样性。我们建议探索各种级别的生殖特质和生殖成功的环境驱动因素可以提供环境条件，后代生产和城市地区生物多样性之间必要的联系。 3年来，我们在加拿大多伦多的四种城市绿地类型中研究了腔嵌套孤零零蜜蜂和黄蜂。我们测量了每个巢的三种繁殖性状：育雏细胞的总数，无寄生虫细胞的比例和寄生虫的非出现育雏细胞的比例。我们确定了（a）如何生殖特质，特质多样性和后代生产对多种环境变量和（b）生殖特性变异如何解释单一巢穴的后代生产，通过反映各种方式导航资源收集之间的权衡权衡和接触寄生虫。我们的研究结果表明，环境变量的平均繁殖特质价值观的预测因子，特质分化和后代生产。然而，后代产量与生殖性状高度呈正相关，并且与特质丰富和分歧负相关。这表明狭窄的生殖特性是繁殖的最佳繁殖，并且在这些最佳表型上的个体生殖性状的均匀分布与选择可以赞成减少竞争的多样化生殖策略的想法一致。本研究在探索各个级生殖特征及其对城市化轴的考虑中的新颖。生殖特质变异没有遵循以前报告的生物多样性城市化模式;对城市化梯度的不敏感提出了关于城市空间马赛克的作用以及生物多样性不同指标之间的攻击性的作用。

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