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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>The ISME Journal >Exposure of phototrophs to 548 days in low Earth orbit: microbial selection pressures in outer space and on early earth
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Exposure of phototrophs to 548 days in low Earth orbit: microbial selection pressures in outer space and on early earth

机译：低地球轨道上的光养菌暴露至548天：外层空间和早期地球上的微生物选择压力

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An epilithic microbial community was launched into low Earth orbit, and exposed to conditions in outer space for 548 days on the European Space Agency EXPOSE-E facility outside the International Space Station. The natural phototroph biofilm was augmented with akinetes of Anabaena cylindrica and vegetative cells of Nostoc commune and Chroococcidiopsis. In space-exposed dark controls, two algae (Chlorella and Rosenvingiella spp.), a cyanobacterium (Gloeocapsa sp.) and two bacteria associated with the natural community survived. Of the augmented organisms, cells of A. cylindrica and Chroococcidiopsis survived, but no cells of N. commune. Only cells of Chroococcidiopsis were cultured from samples exposed to the unattenuated extraterrestrial ultraviolet (UV) spectrum (>110 nm or 200 nm). Raman spectroscopy and bright-field microscopy showed that under these conditions the surface cells were bleached and their carotenoids were destroyed, although cell morphology was preserved. These experiments demonstrate that outer space can act as a selection pressure on the composition of microbial communities. The results obtained from samples exposed to >200 nm UV (simulating the putative worst-case UV exposure on the early Earth) demonstrate the potential for epilithic colonization of land masses during that time, but that UV radiation on anoxic planets can act as a strong selection pressure on surface-dwelling organisms. Finally, these experiments have yielded new phototrophic organisms of potential use in biomass and oxygen production in space exploration.
机译：在欧洲空间局国际空间站外的欧洲航天局EXPOSE-E设施上，将一个石器时代的微生物群落发射到近地轨道，并在太空中暴露了548天。天然光养生物膜增加了圆网鱼的鱼和Nostoc公社和嗜绿球菌的营养细胞。在暴露于太空的黑暗对照中，两个藻类（小球藻和罗森维氏菌属），蓝藻（Gloeocapsa sp。）和两个与自然群落相关的细菌得以幸存。在扩增的生物中，圆柱曲霉和嗜蓝球菌的细胞存活，但公社的细胞没有。从暴露于未衰减的外星紫外线（UV）光谱（> 110 nm或200 nm）的样品中仅培养了球菌。拉曼光谱和明场显微镜显示，在这些条件下，表面细胞被漂白，其类胡萝卜素被破坏，尽管细胞的形态得以保留。这些实验表明，外太空可以作为微生物群落组成的选择压力。从暴露于> 200 nm紫外线的样本中获得的结果（模拟在地球早期假定的最坏情况下的紫外线暴露）表明，在这段时间内土地可能会被石器时代殖民，但缺氧行星上的紫外线辐射可以起到强大的作用。表面居住生物的选择压力。最后，这些实验产生了新的光养生物，可用于太空探索中的生物量和氧气生产。

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