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Reluctance in international politics: A conceptualization

机译：国际政治中的勉强：概念化

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摘要

Contemporary rising powers have often pursued a hesitant and ambiguous foreign-policy and have belied the expectations of potential followers and established powers who would want them to engage more actively in global and regional governance. The existing analytical toolbox of International Relations does not offer suitable concepts to make sense of the widespread phenomenon of states that pursue hesitant, inconsistent courses of action and do not bring to bear their power resources to coherently manage international crises that potentially affect them. A notion that is frequently employed to describe this peculiar type of foreign policy is that of ‘reluctance’, but this concept has not been systematically defined, discussed or theorized. This article aims to introduce the concept of reluctance into the field of International Relations. It develops a conceptualization of reluctance by identifying the concept’s semantic field and discussing how reluctance relates to the similar but distinct notions of exceptionalism, isolationism, under-aggression and under-balancing (concept reconstruction); on that basis, the article outlines the constitutive dimensions of reluctance — hesitation and recalcitrance — and their operationalization (concept building). Several illustrative cases of (non-)reluctant rising powers are used to exemplify the concept structure and to show the analytical usefulness of the concept of reluctance, which refers to a distinct set of phenomena that are not addressed by other concepts in International Relations. An application of the concept allows us to identify policy shifts and differences across issue areas, as well as open up avenues for further research.
机译：当代的新兴大国经常奉行犹豫不决的模棱两可的外交政策，并掩盖了潜在追随者和已建立大国的期望，他们希望他们更积极地参与全球和区域治理。现有的国际关系分析工具箱没有提供合适的概念来理解那些追求犹豫不决，行动方针不一致，没有发挥力量来协调管理可能影响到它们的国际危机的国家的普遍现象。经常用来描述这种特殊类型的外交政策的概念是“勉强”，但是这个概念尚未得到系统地定义，讨论或理论化。本文旨在将不情愿的概念引入国际关系领域。它通过确定概念的语义领域并讨论了磁阻如何与例外主义，孤立主义，侵略性和平衡不足（概念重构）的相似但截然不同的概念相关联，从而发展了磁阻的概念化；在此基础上，本文概述了磁阻的构成要素（犹豫和calc难）及其实现（概念构建）。 （非）勉强的崛起能力的几种说明性情况用于例示概念结构并显示不情愿概念的分析效用，后者指的是国际关系中其他概念未解决的一组独特现象。这一概念的应用使我们能够确定问题领域之间的政策转移和分歧，并为进一步研究开辟途径。

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