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首页> 外文期刊>Advanced energy materials >Engineering Stress in Perovskite Solar Cells to Improve Stability
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Engineering Stress in Perovskite Solar Cells to Improve Stability

机译：钙钛矿太阳能电池的工程应力可提高稳定性

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摘要

An overlooked factor affecting stability: the residual stresses in perovskite films, which are tensile and can exceed 50 MPa in magnitude, a value high enough to deform copper, is reported. These stresses provide a significant driving force for fracture. Films are shown to be more unstable under tensile stress-and conversely more stable under compressive stress-when exposed to heat or humidity. Increasing the formation temperature of perovskite films directly correlates with larger residual stresses, a result of the high thermal expansion coefficient of perovskites. Specifically, this tensile stress forms upon cooling to room temperature, as the substrate constrains the perovskite from shrinking. No evidence of stress relaxation is observed, with the purely elastic film stress attributed to the thermal expansion mismatch between the perovskite and substrate. Additionally, the authors demonstrate that using a bath conversion method to form the perovskite film at room temperature leads to low stress values that are unaffected by further annealing, indicating complete perovskite formation prior to annealing. It is concluded that reducing the film stress is a novel method for improving perovskite stability, which can be accomplished by lower formation temperatures, flexible substrates with high thermal expansion coefficients, and externally applied compressive stress after fabrication.
机译：影响稳定性的一个被忽略的因素：钙钛矿薄膜中的残余应力是拉伸应力，其强度可能超过50 MPa，该值足以使铜变形。这些应力为断裂提供了重要的驱动力。当暴露于热或湿气下时，膜在拉应力下更不稳定，反之在压应力下更稳定。钙钛矿膜的形成温度升高直接与较大的残余应力相关，这是钙钛矿的高热膨胀系数的结果。具体地，由于基底限制钙钛矿收缩，因此该拉伸应力在冷却至室温时形成。没有观察到应力松弛的迹象，纯弹性膜应力归因于钙钛矿和基底之间的热膨胀失配。另外，作者证明了使用浴转化法在室温下形成钙钛矿膜会导致较低的应力值，该应力值不受进一步退火的影响，表明在退火之前完全形成了钙钛矿。结论是降低膜应力是提高钙钛矿稳定性的一种新方法，可以通过降低形成温度，具有高热膨胀系数的柔性基板以及在制造后从外部施加压应力来实现。

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