Dense, Self-Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire-Retardant Wood Structural Material

Gan Wentao; Chen Chaoji; Wang Zhengyang; Song Jianwei; Kuang Yudi; He Shuaiming; Mi Ruiyu; Sunderland Peter B.; Hu Liangbing

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Dense, Self-Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire-Retardant Wood Structural Material

机译：密集的自形成炭层可实现阻燃的木质结构材料

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Wood is one of the most abundant, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing structural materials and is commonly used in building and furniture construction. Unfortunately, the fire hazard of wood is a major safety concern for its practical applications. Herein, an effective and environmentally friendly method is demonstrated to substantially improve the fire-retardant properties of wood materials by delignification and densification. The densification process eliminates the spaces between the cell walls, leading to a highly compact laminated structure that can block oxygen from infiltrating the material. In addition, an insulating wood char layer self-formed during the burning process obstructs the transport of heat and oxygen diffusion. These synergistic effects contribute to the material's excellent fire-retardant and self-extinguished properties, including a 2.08-fold enhancement in ignition time (t(ig)) and 34.6% decrease in maximum heat release rate. Meanwhile, the densified wood shows a more than 82-fold enhancement in compressive strength compared with natural wood after exposure to flame for 90 s, which could effectively prevent the collapse and destruction of wooden structures, and gain precious rescue time when a fire occurs. The facile top-down chemical delignification and densification process enabling both substantially enhances fire-retardant performance and mechanical robustness represents a promising direction toward fire-retardant and high-strength structural materials.

机译：木材是最丰富，可持续和美观的结构材料之一，通常用于建筑和家具构造。不幸的是，木材的火灾隐患是其实际应用中的主要安全隐患。在本文中，证明了有效且环保的方法通过脱木素化和致密化来实质上改善木材的阻燃性。致密化过程消除了细胞壁之间的空间，从而形成了一种高度紧凑的层压结构，可以阻止氧气渗透到材料中。另外，在燃烧过程中自形成的绝缘木炭层阻碍了热量的传输和氧的扩散。这些协同作用有助于材料具有出色的阻燃性和自熄性，其中包括着火时间（t（ig））提高2.08倍，最大放热率降低34.6％。同时，致密木材暴露于火焰90秒钟后的抗压强度比天然木材提高了82倍以上，可以有效防止木质结构的崩溃和破坏，并在发生火灾时获得宝贵的救援时间。易于实现的自上而下的化学脱木素和致密化工艺可同时显着提高阻燃性能和机械强度，这是向阻燃和高强度结构材料迈进的有希望的方向。

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来源
《Advanced Functional Materials》 |2019年第14期|1807444.1-1807444.9|共9页
作者
Gan Wentao; Chen Chaoji; Wang Zhengyang; Song Jianwei; Kuang Yudi; He Shuaiming; Mi Ruiyu; Sunderland Peter B.; Hu Liangbing;
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作者单位

Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;

Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;

Univ Maryland, Dept Fire Protect Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;

Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;

Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;

Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;

Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;

Univ Maryland, Dept Fire Protect Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;

Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;

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正文语种 eng
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关键词
cellulose nanofibrils; delignification; densification; flame retardance; structural materials;

机译：纤维素纳米原纤维;去木质素;致密化;阻燃性;结构材料;

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专利

1. Fire-retardant Additives for Polymeric Materials-I. Char Formation from Silica Gel-Potassium Carbonate [J] . Jeffrey W. Gilman, Steven J. Ritchie, Takashi Kashiwagi Fire and Materials . 1997,第1期

机译：高分子材料阻燃添加剂-I。硅胶-碳酸钾形成的焦炭
2. A method for calculating thermal resistance of the intumescent char layer of fired ultra-thin fire-retardant coating [J] . Xiaochun Hu, Zhiqiang Sun International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer . 2021,第Feba期

机译：一种计算燃烧超薄阻燃涂层膨胀型炭层的热阻的方法
3. Pulsed modes of the formation of multilayer char structures on the surface of fire-retardant intumescent paints [J] . Krupkin V.G., Mokhin G.N., Khalturinskii N.A. Russian journal of physical chemistry, B. . 2013,第4期

机译：阻燃膨胀型涂料表面形成多层炭结构的脉冲模式
4. CARBON BUILDING MATERIALS FROM COAL CHAR: DURABLE MATERIALS FOR SOLID CARBON SEQUESTRATION TO ENABLE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY COAL PYROLYSIS [C] . John W. Halloran, Zuimdie Guerra Materials challenges in alternative and renewable energy . 2011

机译：用煤焦制造碳的材料：用于固碳分离以通过煤热解制氢的耐用材料
5. Evaluations of fire-retardant fiber-reinforced polymer materials for building applications. [D] . Petersen, Michaela R. 2014

机译：对建筑用阻燃纤维增强聚合物材料的评估。
6. Fast kinetics of multivalent intercalation chemistry enabled by solvated magnesium-ions into self-established metallic layered materials [O] . Zhenyou Li, Xiaoke Mu, Zhirong Zhao-Karger, -1

机译：溶剂化镁离子转变成自立金属层状材料可实现多价嵌入化学的快速动力学
7. This article presents a new numerical model describing the behaviour of a thermally thick wood sample exposed to high solar heat flux (above 1 MW/m2). A preliminary study based on dimensionless numbers is used to classify the problem and support model building assumptions. Then, a model based on mass, momentum and energy balance equations is proposed. These equations are coupled with liquid-vapour drying model and pseudo species biomass degradation model. By comparing to a former experimental study, preliminary results have shown that these equations are not enough to accurately predict biomass behaviour under high solar heat flux. Indeed, a char layer acting as radiative shield forms on the sample exposed surface. In addition to this classical set of equations, it is mandatory to take into account radiation penetration into the medium. Furthermore, as biomass contains water, medium deformation consecutively to char steam gasification must also be implemented. Finally, with the addition of these two strategies, the model is able to properly capture the degradation of biomass when exposed to high radiative heat flux over a range of sample initial moisture content. Additional insights of biomass behaviour under high solar heat flux were also derived. Drying, pyrolysis and gasification fronts are present at the same time inside of the sample. The coexistence of these three thermochemical fronts leads to char gasification by the steam produced from drying of the sample, which it is the main phenomenon behind medium ablation. [O] . Pozzobon, Victor, Salvador, Sylvain, Bézian, Jean Jacques 2018

机译：本文提供了一个新的数值模型，该模型描述了暴露于高太阳热通量（高于1 / MW / m2）的热厚木材样品的行为。基于无量纲数的初步研究用于对问题进行分类并支持模型构建假设。然后，提出了一种基于质量，动量和能量平衡方程的模型。这些方程式与液体蒸汽干燥模型和假物种生物质降解模型耦合。通过与以前的实验研究进行比较，初步结果表明，这些方程不足以准确预测高太阳热通量下的生物量行为。的确，在样品暴露的表面上形成了充当辐射屏蔽层的炭层。除了这套经典的方程式之外，还必须考虑到辐射向介质的渗透。此外，由于生物质中含有水，因此还必须在炭蒸气汽化后进行连续的介质变形。最后，通过添加这两种策略，该模型能够在一定范围的样品初始水分含量下暴露于高辐射热通量的情况下，正确捕获生物质的降解。还得出了在高太阳热通量下生物量行为的其他见解。样品内部同时存在干燥，热解和气化前沿。这三个热化学前沿的共存会导致样品干燥产生的蒸汽产生焦炭气化，这是介质烧蚀的主要现象。
8. An analysis of the coupled chemically reacting boundary layer and charring ablator. Part 2 - Finite difference solution for the in-depth response of charring materials considering surface chemical and energy balances [R] . Moyer, C. B., Rindal, R. A. 1968

机译：耦合化学反应边界层和炭化消融剂的分析。第2部分 - 考虑表面化学和能量平衡的炭化材料深度响应的有限差分解决方案

Dense, Self-Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire-Retardant Wood Structural Material

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