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Tough Lessons From Bone: Extreme Mechanical Anisotropy at the Mesoscale

机译：骨骼方面的艰难教训：中尺度的极端机械各向异性

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摘要

Bone is mechanically and structurally anisotropic with oriented collagen fibrils and nanometer-sized mineral particles aggregating into lamellar or woven bone. Direct measurements of anisotropic mechanical properties of sublamellar tissue constituents are complicated by the existence of an intrinsic hierarchical architecture. Methods such as nanoindentation provide insight into effective modulus values; however, bulk material properties cannot sufficiently be characterized since such measurements represent properties of near-surface volumes and are partially averaged over fibril orientations. In this study, we focus on the material properties of bone at one single level of hierarchy. By measuring properties of individual parallel-fibered units of fibrollamellar bone under tension under controlled humidity conditions, an unusually high anisotropy is found. Here, we clearly demonstrate ratios as large as 1:20 in elastic modulus and 1:15 in tensile strength between orientations perpendicular and parallel to the main collagen fiber orientation in native wet bone; these ratios reduce to 1:8 and 1:7, respectively, under dry conditions. This extreme anisotropy appears to be caused by the existence of periodic, weak interfaces at the mesoscopic length scale. These interfaces are thought to be relevant to the proper mechanical and physiological performance of bone.
机译：骨骼在机械和结构上各向异性，具有定向的胶原纤维和纳米级矿物质颗粒，聚集成片状或编织骨。固有层级结构的存在使层下组织成分的各向异性力学性能的直接测量变得复杂。诸如纳米压痕之类的方法可以洞悉有效模量值；然而，由于这些测量结果代表了近表面体积的特性并且在原纤维取向上进行了部分平均，因此无法充分表征散装材料的特性。在这项研究中，我们集中于单一层次结构上的骨骼的材料特性。通过在受控的湿度条件下，在张力下测量单个原纤维平行纤维单元的特性，发现异常高的各向异性。在这里，我们清楚地证明了在天然湿骨中与主要胶原纤维取向垂直和平行的取向之间，弹性模量和拉伸强度的比率分别为1:20和1:15。在干燥条件下，这些比例分别降低至1：8和1：7。这种极端的各向异性似乎是由介观长度尺度上周期性的弱界面的存在引起的。这些界面被认为与骨骼的适当机械和生理性能有关。

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