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Potential of Variable Rate Application Technology in India

机译：印度可变利率应用技术的潜力

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摘要

Farmers apply various agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizers, weedi-cides, pesticides and water, based on recommendations emanating from research and field trials under specific agro-climatic conditions, which have been extrapolated to a regional level. Since soil types, soil nutrient status, weeds density, pests infestations and soil water vary not only between regions and between farms but also from plot to plot and within a field or plot, hence, there is a need to take into account such variability while going to cultivate a particular crop. The goal is to obtain more efficient use of applied inputs to improve economics to reduce any excess application that might cause environmental pollution. Agricultural technologies using the global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information systems (GIS) have started to change how farmers are managing crops. By utilizing these tools with an objective to manage existing field variability, variable-rate technology (VRT) has been evolved. VRT combines a variable-rate (VR) control system with application equipment to apply inputs at a precise time and/or location to achieve site-specific application rates of inputs. VR mounted on equipment, permits input application rates to be varied across fields in an attempt to site-specifically manage field variability. This type of strategy can reduce input usage and environmental impacts along with increasing efficiency and providing economic viability. A VRT essentially comprises of a locator (DGPS receiver), control computer and actuator (VRA software and controller) in an integrated manner to make VRT to work. Three different approaches exist to implement VRT viz: map-based, sensor-based and manual. The intra and inter field variability can be characterized by a number of factors like climatic conditions ( hail, drought, rain, etc.), soils (texture, depth, nitrogen levels), cropping practices (no-till farming) and preventance of weeds and diseases. These factors can be assessed by two types of indicators (permanent indicators and point indicators). The permanent indicators are mainly soil indicators which provide the information about the main environmental constants. The point indicators helps to track a crop's status in terms of occurrence of water stress, nutrient stress, disease infestation, weed infestation, crop lodging etc . This information may derive from weather stations and other sensors (soil electrical resistivity, detection with the naked eye, satellite imagery etc.). Soil resistivity measurements combined with soil analysis make it possible to precisely map agro-pedological conditions. By catering to this variability, one can improve the productivity or reduce the cost of production and diminish the chance of environmental degradation caused by excess use of inputs.
机译：农民根据特定农业气候条件下的研究和田间试验得出的建议，使用了各种农业投入物，如种子，肥料，杂草杀虫剂，农药和水，这些建议已推算到区域一级。由于土壤类型，土壤养分状况，杂草密度，害虫侵染和土壤水不仅在区域之间和农场之间变化，而且在不同地块之间以及在田地或地块内也发生变化，因此，有必要在这种情况下考虑这种变化性要种植某种农作物目标是更有效地利用应用输入，以提高经济效益，以减少可能造成环境污染的任何过量应用。使用全球定位系统（GPS）和地理信息系统（GIS）的农业技术已经开始改变农民管理农作物的方式。通过利用这些工具来管理现有的现场可变性，已经发展了可变速率技术（VRT）。 VRT将可变速率（VR）控制系统与应用设备结合在一起，以在精确的时间和/或位置施加输入，以实现特定于站点的输入施加率。安装在设备上的VR允许在各个字段之间改变输入应用率，以尝试特定于站点的字段可变性。这种策略可以减少投入使用和对环境的影响，并提高效率并提供经济可行性。 VRT本质上由定位器（DGPS接收器），控制计算机和执行器（VRA软件和控制器）组成，以使VRT正常工作。存在三种不同的方法来实现VRT，即基于地图，基于传感器和手动。田间和田间的变异性可以由许多因素来表征，例如气候条件（冰雹，干旱，雨水等），土壤（质地，深度，氮含量），耕作方式（免耕种植）和杂草的预防和疾病。这些因素可以通过两种类型的指标（永久指标和点指标）进行评估。永久性指标主要是土壤指标，可提供有关主要环境常数的信息。该点指标有助于根据水分胁迫，营养胁迫，疾病侵染，杂草侵染，农作物倒伏等发生情况来跟踪作物的状况。此信息可能来自气象站和其他传感器（土壤电阻率，肉眼检测，卫星图像等）。土壤电阻率测量与土壤分析相结合，可以精确绘制农业土壤学条件。通过适应这种可变性，可以提高生产率或降低生产成本，并减少因投入过多使用而造成的环境退化的机会。

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  • 来源
    《AMA》 |2014年第4期|74-81|共8页
  • 作者

    Sushil Sharma; S. S. Manhas; R. M. Sharma; Shiv Kumar Lohan;

  • 作者单位

    Division of Agril. Engineering, Main Campus, SKUAST-J, Chatha, Jammu-180009, INDIA;

    Punjab Agricultural University Research Centre, Bhatinda, Punjab, INDIA;

    Deptt. of Horticulture Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidhyalay Gwalior (MP)-474004, INDIA;

    Division of Agricultural Engineering, Main Campus, SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir-191121, INDIA;

  • 收录信息 美国《工程索引》(EI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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