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methods during the silvopastoral-system establishment in midwestern USA: Cattle performance and tree damage

机译：美国中西部造林牧区系统建立过程中的方法：牛的生长和树木的损害

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Silvopastoral systems offer an alternative to the conventional cow-calf segment of the beef industry in the Midwestern region of the United States. Little information exists for transitioning from a conventional pasture-based beef operation to a silvopastoral system utilizing multiple deciduous tree species. Nine pastures approximately 1 ha in size were established with a mixture of cool-season grasses and legumes to investigate tree protection methods and cattle performance. Four tree species (Juglans nigra, Gleditsia triacanthos, Quercus rubra, & Carya illinoensis) were planted within six of these pastures. Three methods of protection were tested, and included a no protection control (Con), foliar application of 0.20% denatonium benzoate (TreeGuard™), or a single strand of electrified poly-wire (EF) in each of the two grazing years. Cattle damage to young trees was prominent during the two years for Con and TreeGuard™. EF offered acceptable protection. Red oak trees suffered the highest degree of damage from livestock. Establishing trees within grazed pastures did not hinder performance of beef cattle. Transitioning from conventional pastures to silvopastures can be accelerated utilizing an electrified fencing system to prevent cattle damage.
机译：Silvopastoral系统为美国中西部地区牛肉行业的常规牛犊牛市场提供了替代方案。从传统的以牧场为基础的牛肉生产向使用多种落叶树种的牧草系统过渡的信息很少。建立了9个大约1公顷大小的牧场，其中混合了凉季草和豆类，以研究树木的保护方法和牛的生长性能。在这些草场中的六个草场中种植了四种树种（黑胡桃（Juglans nigra），黑茶（Gleditsia triacanthos），栎（Quercus rubra）和山核桃（Carya illinoensis））。测试了三种保护方法，包括无保护对照（Con），叶面施用0.20％苯甲酸地那铵（TreeGuard™）或在两个放牧年中的每一年带电多条电线（EF）。在Con和TreeGuard™的两年中，牛对幼树的损害尤为突出。 EF提供了可接受的保护。红橡树遭受的牲畜破坏程度最高。在放牧的草地上建树并不妨碍肉牛的生长。可以使用电气化围栏系统防止从牛场到牛场的过渡。

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