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Agroforestry research and development in southern Africa during the 1990s: Review and challenges ahead

机译：1990年代南部非洲农林业的研究与开发：回顾与挑战

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The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) initiated in 1987 the Southern Africa Regional Agroforestry Programme in partnership with the national research systems in Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Tanzania to address the problems of low soil fertility and consequent low crop and livestock production, low cash income, and shortages of fuelwood and timber that are common to most rural households in the region. This paper synthesizes agroforestry research and development during the 1990s from a regional perspective and emphasizes scaling-up of promising technologies. The problem of nutrient-depletion can be overcome using nitrogen-fixing and fast growing tree/shrub species, such as Sesbania sesban, Tephrosia vogelii and Gliricidia sepium, as short-duration planted fallows in rotation with crops. Intercropping of food crops with coppicing trees, annual relay intercropping and biomass transfer technologies were found to be appropriate for soil fertility improvement under specific conditions. Tree fodder banks greatly increase fodder production and enrich livestock diets with protein supplements. Rotational woodlots were developed to meet fuelwood and timber demand and reduce pressure on natural woodlands. Research has identified the potential for a number of indigenous fruits in the region to supplement the food needs of rural families, improve their nutritional status and generate cash income. Achieving the ultimate goals of ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and sustaining the environment will require a massive scaling up of adoption of these agroforestry technologies. Key strategies to accomplish this include: increasing the benefits and targeting of agroforestry technologies (for example, through providing substitutes for costly inputs, improving diversification, marketing and processing of agroforestry products, and employing GIS-based targeting techniques) and information-sharing, training and collaborative partnerships in implementation and dissemination of agroforestry options with all major stakeholders (farmers, non-government organizations, extension services, educational institutions, and policy-makers).
机译：国际农林业研究中心（ICRAF）于1987年与马拉维，赞比亚，津巴布韦和坦桑尼亚的国家研究系统合作发起了南部非洲区域农林业计划，以解决土壤肥力低以及农作物和牲畜产量低的问题，现金收入低，以及该地区大多数农村家庭常见的薪柴和木材短缺。本文从区域角度综合了1990年代农林业的研究和开发，并强调了有前途的技术的扩大。营养素枯竭的问题可以通过固氮和快速生长的树木/灌木树种来克服，例如Sesbania sesban，Tephrosia vogelii和Gliricidia sepium，因为短期种植随作物轮作的休耕作物。人们发现，在特定条件下，将农作物与复种树套种，年度间作套种和生物量转移技术适合于改善土壤肥力。树饲料库大大提高了饲料产量，并通过补充蛋白质来丰富牲畜的日粮。开发了旋转林地来满足薪材和木材需求并减轻天然林地的压力。研究发现，该地区一些土著水果有潜力补充农村家庭的粮食需求，改善其营养状况并产生现金收入。为了实现确保粮食安全，减轻贫困和维持环境的最终目标，将需要大规模推广采用这些农林业技术。实现这一目标的关键战略包括：增加农林业技术的收益和针对性（例如，通过提供昂贵的投入物的替代品，改善农林业产品的多样化，营销和加工以及采用基于GIS的目标技术）以及信息共享，培训与所有主要利益相关者（农民，非政府组织，推广服务，教育机构和决策者）建立和传播农林业方案的合作伙伴关系。

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