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Establishment of two indigenous timber species in dairy pastures in Costa Rica

机译：在哥斯达黎加的奶牛场建立两种土著木材物种

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摘要

A silvopastoral model that combines the production of pasture herbage with valuable native timber species has potential to simultaneously address the multiple goals of reforestation, conservation of native species and enterprise intensification. The objective of this study was to design, establish and monitor early growth of a silvopastoral experiment on a dairy farm in the north Atlantic zone of Costa Rica. Two indigenous timber species, Vochysia guatemalensis and Hyeronima alchorneoides were planted with and without the tropical pasture legume, Arachis pintoi in a split plot design, (2 × 2) factorial arrangement of treatments with four replications. After the first two years, V. guatemalensis was significantly taller (3.1 m) than H. alchorneoides (2.5 m). The mean root collar diameter for V. guatemalensis was significantly larger (6.5 cm) than H. alchorneoides (4.5 cm). Two-year establishment was acceptable for the tree component (83 to 85% survival) but poor for A. pintoi (2 to 8% of the sward). The most important pest affecting the establishment of the timber species was the leaf cutter ant, Atta cephalotes. An insect larvae, Cosmopterix sp., severely damaged 39% of the V. guatemalensis trees by repeatedly attacking their apical meristems. The two-year establishment data was insufficient to accurately predict future wood volume. A hypothetical economic analysis concluded that the silvopastoral system must average at least 1.2 m3 wood volume/paddock/year (20 m3/ha/year) throughout the first ten years of growth to assure a positive economic return from timber. The experiment is planned for a ten year period, which corresponds to the estimated rotation length for harvesting the timber species.
机译：牧草模式将牧草的生产与珍贵的原生木材物种相结合，具有潜力，同时解决造林，原生物种保护和企业集约化的多个目标。这项研究的目的是在哥斯达黎加北大西洋地区的一家奶牛场设计，建立和监测林牧试验的早期生长。在有或没有热带牧草豆科花生的情况下，采用分块设计，（2×2）分解处理四次重复种植的方式，种植了两种本地木材物种，即危地马拉沃希西亚（Vychysia guatemalensis）和透明质酸Hyeronima alchorneoides。在头两年之后，危地马拉弧菌（H. alchorneoides）（2.5 m）高得多（3.1 m）。危地马拉弧菌的平均根领直径（6.5厘米）显着大于刺槐（4.5厘米）。树木的树龄为2年（存活率83％至85％）是可以接受的，但对A. pintoi而言则为2年（8％）。影响木材物种建立的最重要的害虫是切叶蚁，Atta cephalotes。昆虫幼虫Cosmopterix sp。通过反复攻击其顶端分生组织，严重破坏了危地马拉V.树的39％。两年的建立数据不足以准确预测未来的木材量。一项假设经济分析得出的结论是，在过去的十年中，林牧系统必须平均每年至少有1.2 m3 木材体积/围场/年（20 m3 / ha / ha），以确保正的经济回报从木材。该实验计划进行十年，这对应于估计的轮伐长度，用于收获木材。

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