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Particulate pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

机译：蒙古乌兰巴托的颗粒物污染

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The World Health Organization (WHO) listed the air pollution in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) among the top 5 cities with the worst air quality in the world. Air quality in the winter season reaches highs of 750 μg/m3 for daily average fine particulates (PM) due to increased coal combustion and lower mixing heights (<200 m), coupled with the city’s geography surrounded by mountains, which further restricts the vertical and horizontal dispersion of the pollutants. The annual average concentrations in 2010–2011 ranged 136 ± 114 μg/m3 (the WHO guideline for fine PM is 10 μg/m3). The single largest source of particulate pollution in Ulaanbaatar is coal and biomass combustion in households and heat-only boilers, followed by power plants. In this paper, we present sector-specific emissions for 2010 accounting for 62,000 tons of fine PM, 55,000 tons of sulfur dioxide, and 89,000 tons of nitrogen oxide emissions. The inventory is spatially disaggregated at 0.01° resolution on a GIS platform for use in a chemical transport model (ATMoS). The modeled concentrations for the urban area ranged 153 ± 70 μg/m3, when overlaid on gridded population, resulted in estimated 1,000–1,500 premature deaths per year due to outdoor air pollution. This study also highlights the linkages between indoor and outdoor air pollution. In these harsh temperate conditions, with 50 % of the emissions originating from Ger households, they are as big a health risk for indoor air quality as they are for outdoor air quality. Any intervention improving combustion efficiency or providing clean fuel for these stoves will have a combined benefit for indoor air quality, outdoor air quality, and climate policy. The analysis shows that aggressive pollution control measures are imperative to protect the population in Ulaanbaatar from excess exposure levels, and implementation of control measures like the introduction of heat efficient stoves, clean coal for heating boilers, and urban transport planning will result in significant health benefits, which surpass any costs of institutional, technical, and economic interventions.
机译：世界卫生组织（WHO）将乌兰巴托（蒙古）的空气污染列为世界上空气质量最差的5个城市之一。由于煤炭燃烧的增加和混合高度的降低（<200 m），加上每个山峰环绕的城市地理条件，冬季的空气质量达到每日平均微粒（PM）的最高水平750μg/ m3和污染物的水平扩散。 2010-2011年的年平均浓度范围为136±114μg/ m3（WHO的精细PM准则为10μg/ m3）。乌兰巴托最大的颗粒物污染源是家庭和纯热锅炉中的煤炭和生物质燃烧，其次是发电厂。在本文中，我们介绍了2010年特定行业的排放量，这些排放量包括62,000吨细微PM，55,000吨二氧化硫和89,000吨氮氧化物的排放量。在GIS平台上以0.01°的分辨率对库存进行空间分解，以用于化学运输模型（ATMoS）。当覆盖在网格化的人口上时，城市地区的模型浓度范围为153±μ70μg/ m3，估计每年因室外空气污染导致1,000至1,500人过早死亡。这项研究还强调了室内和室外空气污染之间的联系。在这些恶劣的温带条件下，由于50％的温室气体排放来自德国家庭，因此对室内空气质量的健康风险与对室外空气质量的健康风险一样大。任何提高燃烧效率或为这些火炉提供清洁燃料的干预措施，将对室内空气质量，室外空气质量和气候政策产生共同的好处。分析表明，必须采取积极的污染控制措施来保护乌兰巴托的人口免受过量暴露的影响，而实施控制措施（如引入高效热炉，供暖锅炉使用的清洁煤以及城市交通规划）将带来重大的健康益处。 ，这超出了机构，技术和经济干预的任何费用。

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